@article {1566,
	title = {Sampling bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) for pollinator community studies: pitfalls of pan-trapping},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {225 - 231},
	abstract = {With the growing interest in pollinator conservation, a need has emerged for a simple. unbiased method to reliably sample local bee faunas. One method. pan-trapping, has increased in popularity without critical evaluation of its efficacy and biases. We compared traditional net collecting at flowers and pan trapping concurrently, sampling the local bee fauna of the dominant desert shrub. creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) growing at the Silver-bell site of the International Biosphere Program (IBP) nw of Tucson Arizona. pan-traps on the ground yielded a faunal sample depauperate in many of the more common native bee species on creosote bush, particularly its floral specialists. This pan-trap sample also corresponded poorly with the previous four years{\textquoteright} faunal samples at this site, with pairs of neighboring net-sampled sites throughout the Southwest. and with all pairs of bee samples from Larrea across the Upper Sonoran desert. The likely causes of this disparity and the utility of pan trapping for bees in faunal and community studies is discussed},
	keywords = {Apoidea, COMMUNITIES, CONSERVATION, DIVERSITY, GUILD, LARREA, METHODS, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Minckley,R.L. and Kervin,L.J.}
}
@article {1568,
	title = {Habitat fragmentation and native bees: a premature verdict?},
	journal = {Conservation Ecology},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {149 - 161},
	abstract = {Few studies directly address the consequences of habitat fragmentation for communities of pollinating insects, particularly for the key pollinator group, bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes). Bees typically live in habitats where nesting substrates and bloom are patchily distributed and spatially dissociated. Bee studies have all defined habitat fragments as remnant patches of floral hosts or forests, overlooking the nesting needs of bees. Several authors conclude that habitat fragmentation is broadly deleterious, but their own data show that some native species proliferate in sampled fragments. Other studies report greater densities and comparable diversities of native bees at flowers in some fragment size classes relative to undisrupted habitats, but find dramatic shifts in species composition. Insightful studies of habitat fragmentation and bees will consider fragmentation, alteration, and loss of nesting habitats, not just patches of forage plants, as well as the permeability of the surrounding matrix to interpatch movement. Inasmuch as the floral associations and nesting habits of bees are often attributes of species or subgenera, ecological interpretations hinge on authoritative identifications. Study designs must accommodate statistical problems associated with bee community samples, especially non-normal data and frequent zero values. The spatial scale of fragmentation must be appreciated: bees of medium body size can regularly fly 1-2 km from nest site to forage patch. Overall, evidence for prolonged persistence of substantial diversity and abundances of native bee communities in habitat fragments of modest size promises practical solutions for maintaining bee populations. Provided that reserve selection, design, and management can address the foraging and nesting needs of bees, networks of even small reserves may hold hope for sustaining considerable pollinator diversity and the ecological services pollinators provide},
	keywords = {Apoidea, COMMUNITIES, CONSERVATION, DENSITY, DIVERSITY, FRAGMENTATION, HABITAT, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SELECTION, SIZE},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1608,
	title = {Origins and ecological consequences of pollen specialization among desert bees},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {267},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {265 - 271},
	abstract = {An understanding of the evolutionary origins of insect foraging specialization is often hindered by a poor biogeographical and palaeoecological record. The historical biogeography (20 000 years before present to the present) of the desert-limited plant, creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), is remarkably complete. This history coupled with the distribution pattern of its bee fauna suggests pollen specialization For creosote bush pollen has evolved repeatedly among bees in the Lower Sonoran and Mojave deserts. In these highly xeric, floristically depauperate environments, species of specialist bees surpass generalist bees in diversity, biomass and abundance. The ability of specialist bees to facultatively remain in diapause through resource-poor years and to emerge synchronously with host plant bloom in resource-rich years probably explains their ecological dominance and persistence in these areas. Repeated origins of pollen specialization to one host plant where bloom occurs least predictably is a counter-example to prevailing theories that postulate such traits originate where the plant grows best and blooms most reliably Host-plant synchronization, a paucity of alternative floral hosts, or flowering attributes of creosote bush alone or in concert may account for the diversity of bee specialists that depend on this plant instead of nutritional factors or chemical coevolution between floral rewards and the pollinators they have evolved to attract},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BIOGEOGRAPHY, COEVOLUTION, DIAPAUSE, DIVERSITY, EVOLUTION, FLOWERING, LARREA, OLIGOLECTY, PHENOLOGY, POLLEN, POLLINATOR, SPECIATION},
	author = {Minckley,R.L. and Cane, J. H. and Kervin,L.}
}
@article {1609,
	title = {Biological impediments to measures of competition among introduced honey bees and desert bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {306 - 319},
	abstract = {Foraging behaviors, host plant breadth, and agilities of social and solitary bee species differ dramatically. We illustrate how these phenomena can obscure the effects of floral resource competition from our studies on a species-rich, native bee fauna that visit the flowers of creosote bush [Larrea tridentata Coville (Zygophyllaceae)], a widespread dominant perennial plant species in the warm deserts of North America. The potential for competition among the solitary bees that visit creosote bush and honey bees was investigated by two methods: one that is widely used asks if solitary bee abundance and species diversity is less at sites with greater honey bee abundance; and a second. more novel approach that asks if pollen availability is limiting at sites with high bee biomass. We found no relationship among number of honey bees at sited and species richness and abundance of all native bees combined or of Pollen specialist species considered alone. Protein represented in the pollen of the primary host plant greatly exceeded the biomass of bees present at a site. We suggest bee populations are rarely pollen limited in this system or that competition, when it occurs, is highly episodic. Future studies of bee competition will need to assess long-term Population variation among solitary and introduced bees in habitats where floral resources can be measured for multiple flowering plant species, and where bee colony/nest dynamics can be documented, Studies of bee faunas in temperate areas are needed. This paper demonstrates some of the possible pitfalls for studies of competition among highly eusocial and solitary bees, We conclude that basic data (in bee biology and population dynamics are needed before these questions can be satisfactorily answered and, at present, little hard data are available to evaluate the competing hypotheses},
	keywords = {APIS, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR, COMPETITION, DIVERSITY, FLOWERING, GUILD, HABITAT, LARREA, METHODS, POLLEN, PROTEIN, RESOURCE LIMITATION, VARIATION},
	author = {Minckley,R.L. and Cane, J. H. and Kervin,L. and Yanega,D.}
}
@article {1599,
	title = {Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {274},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {303 - 313},
	abstract = {The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. However, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective, since 60\% of global production comes from crops that do not depend on animal pollination, 35\% from crops that depend on pollinators, and 5\% are unevaluated. Using all crops traded on the world market and setting aside crops that are solely passively self-pollinated, wind-pollinated or parthenocarpic, we then evaluated the level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination for crops that are directly consumed by humans. We found that pollinators are essential for 13 crops, production is highly pollinator dependent for 30, moderately for 27, slightly for 21, unimportant for 7, and is of unknown significance for the remaining 9. We further evaluated whether local and landscape-wide management for natural pollination services could help to sustain crop diversity and production. Case studies for nine crops on four continents revealed that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services at the landscape scale.},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, DIVERSITY, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED, SEED PRODUCTION},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721},
	author = {Klein,A.M. and Vassiere,B.E. and Cane, J. H. and Steffan-Dewenter,I. and Cunningham,S. and Kremen,C. and Tscharntke,T.}
}
@inbook {1586,
	title = {Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes)},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Entomology},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {419 - 434},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag Press},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag Press},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-MATING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CLEPTOPARASITE, DIVERSITY, LARVAE, LIFE HISTORY, OLIGOLECTY},
	author = {Cane, J. H.},
	editor = {Capinera,J.L.}
}
@article {1600,
	title = {Visiting bees of Cucurbita flowers (Cucurbitaceae) with emphasis on the presence of Peponapis fervens Smith (Eucerini _ Apidae) _ Santa Catarina, southern Brasil},
	journal = {Oecologia Australis},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {128 - 139},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, CUCURBITACEAE, DIVERSITY, GUILD, OLIGOLECTY, Peponapis, POLLINATOR, TROPICS},
	author = {Krug,C. and Alves dos Santos,I. and Cane, J. H.}
}
