@article {1595,
	title = {Exocrine secretions of bees. IV. Macrocyclic lactones and isopentenyl esters in Dufour{\textquoteright}s gland secretions of Nomia bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982///},
	pages = {535 - 543},
	keywords = {Apoidea, DUFOUR{\textquoteright}S GLAND, Halictidae, NOMIA},
	author = {Duffield,R.M. and LaBerge,W.E. and Cane, J. H. and Wheeler,J.W.}
}
@inbook {1627,
	title = {Solitary bees in North American agriculture: a perspective},
	booktitle = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {41 - 66},
	publisher = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	organization = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	address = {Lanham, Maryland},
	abstract = {Author states that on page 50 and in table 2, prior to management of alfalfa leaf-cutting bees and alkali bees for US alfalfa seed production (beginning in the 1960{\textquoteright}s), growing was spread across entire northern tier of states. Acreage was vast (1.4 million acres) and yields were generally poor (135 lbs/acre). With pollination taken over using abundant managed M. rotundata and Nomia melanderi, production shifted to xeric regions of the Pacific Northwest (esp. Oregon, Washington and Idaho) and California. Overall production acreage shrank 6x to 250,000 acres because yields were improved to as much as 1,800 lbs per acre (my note...more realistically, the average grower in average year is getting more like 1100 pounds of clean seed per acre, but still, that is a 8x increase).},
	keywords = {EXOTIC, INCOMPLETE, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Stephen,W.P.},
	editor = {Strickler,K. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1570,
	title = {Pollinating bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) of U.S. alfalfa compared for rates of pod and seed set},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {22 - 27},
	abstract = {Alfalfa (=lucerne) flowers require visiting bees to trip the sexual column, thereby providing pollination and subsequent pod and seed set. Previous studies have compared the pollination values of different bee species solely by the speed with which they handle flowers and the proportion of visited flowers tripped. In this greenhouse study, five species of bees, including the three commercially managed U.S alfalfa pollinators, are likewise compared for their floral tripping frequencies. These bee species are also compared for the pod set and mature seed that results from their single visits to virgin flowers. Regardless of the identity of the pollinating bee, tripped flowers had the same probabilities of pod set and seed set. Thus, differences in the single-visit pollination efficiencies of the various bee species are entirely attributable to the proportion of visited flowers that they trip. Females of the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, and the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata F, tripped 81 and 78\% of visited flowers, respectively. Males of these species are significantly less effective (61 and 51\%, respectively), but still significantly superior to the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (22\% of visited flowers tripped). These relationships are supported by field data for tripping frequencies. One candidate pollinator, Osmia sanrafaelae Parker, shows promise (44\% tripped), but not the congeneric O. aglaia Sandhouse (13\% tripped)},
	keywords = {APIDAE, APIS, Apoidea, FABACEAE, FRUIT SET, Halictidae, MEDICAGO, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, SEED, SEED SET},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1573,
	title = {Annual displacement of soil in nest tumuli of alkali bees (Nomia melanderi) (Hymenoptera: Apiformies: Halictidae) across an agricultural landscape},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {172 - 176},
	abstract = {Thousands of bee species nest in the ground, sometimes gregariously. digging central tunnels whose excavated soil is pushed to the surface its tumuli To quantify tumulus, production across a landscape. nesting female alkali bee, (Nomia imelanderi) were censused for the 155 km(3) Touchet Valley of southeastern Washington. where nest sites of alkali bees are managed to pollinate alfalfa seed fields. Across this landscape in 2001, an estimated 9.1 million nesting females collectively brought 87,500 kg (96 tons) of soil to the surface in their tumuli, much of which is subsequently eroded away by wind or rain. At this rate. the oldest populated nest site would have cumulatively lost four cm to surface Subsidence as a result of the past halt century{\textquoteright}s nesting activity. Bees are probably minor agents of biogeomorphology and bioturbation except where nesting females are concentrated in long-lived Populous aggregations},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, Halictidae, NOMIA, SEED, SOIL},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@book {1628,
	title = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {- 204},
	publisher = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	organization = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	address = {Lanham, Maryland},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BOMBUS, COMPETITION, CONSERVATION, EXOTIC, Halictidae, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, RESOURCE LIMITATION},
	author = {Strickler,K. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1588,
	title = {A native ground-nesting bee (Nomia melanderi) sustainably managed to pollinate alfalfa across an intensively agricultural landscape},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/05//},
	pages = {315 - 323},
	abstract = {The world{\textquoteright}s only intensively managed ground-nesting bee, the alkali bee (Nomia melanderi Cockerell), has been used for >50 years as an effective pollinator of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown for seed in the western USA. Across a 240 km(2) watershed in Washington, the 24 most populous of 56 nest sites found were annually surveyed for nesting bees for 8 years. Alkali bees multiplied 9-fold to 17 million females, the largest reported metapopulation of non-social bees. Several sites have remained populous for an unprecedented 50 years. The most populous nesting bed (1.5 ha) grew to 5.3 million nesting females (median = 278 nests/m(2)), the largest bee nesting aggregation ever recorded. This first-ever exhaustive landscape-level survey for any non-social bee reveals that even amid intensive conventional agriculture, a native bee can sustainably multiply to vast numbers, its nesting aggregations persisting for decades},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR, Halictidae, Megachilidae, NOMIA, POLLINATOR, SEED, SOIL},
	isbn = {0044-8435},
	url = {ISI:000256154100004},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
