@article {1612,
	title = {Host records and nest entry by Dolichostelis, a kleptoparasitic anthidiine bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Pan-Pacific Entomologist},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	pages = {172 - 177},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CLEPTOPARASITE, Megachilidae},
	author = {Parker, F. D. and Cane, J. H. and Frankie,G.W. and Vinson,S.B.}
}
@article {1533,
	title = {Dufour{\textquoteright}s gland glycerides from Anthophora, Emphoropsis (Anthophoridae) and Megachile (Megachilidae) bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)},
	volume = {78B},
	year = {1984},
	month = {1984///},
	pages = {769 - 772},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, Apoidea, CHEMICAL ECOLOGY, DUFOUR{\textquoteright}S GLAND, LIPID, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Carlson,R.}
}
@article {1549,
	title = {Soils of ground-nesting bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea): texture, moisture, cell depth and climate},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991///},
	pages = {406 - 413},
	abstract = {32 species of ground-nesting bees},
	keywords = {ANDRENIDAE, ANTHOPHORIDAE, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CLIMATE, COLLETIDAE, ECOLOGY, Halictidae, Megachilidae, MELITTIDAE, SOIL},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1559,
	title = {Nesting resins obtained from Larrea pollen host by an oligolectic bee, Trachusa larreae (Cockerell) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {99 - 102},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, LARREA, Megachilidae, NEST LINING, OLIGOLECTY, POLLEN, RESIN/SAP, Trachusa},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1560,
	title = {Pollination, foraging, and nesting ecology of the leaf-cutting bee Megachile (Delomegachile) addenda (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) on cranberry beds},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {89},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {361 - 367},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-MATING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, BUZZ POLLINATION, CLEPTOPARASITE, CRANBERRIES, ECOLOGY, ERICACEAE, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, POLLEN LOAD- BEE, POLLEN LOAD- STIGMA, POLLEN PRODUCTION, POLLEN REMOVAL, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, SOIL, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Schiffhauer,D. and Kervin,L.J.}
}
@article {1620,
	title = {Blue bees for blueberries?},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {12 - 3,15},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OLIGOLECTY, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI},
	author = {Sampson,B. and Cane, J. H. and Neff,J.}
}
@inbook {1627,
	title = {Solitary bees in North American agriculture: a perspective},
	booktitle = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {41 - 66},
	publisher = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	organization = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	address = {Lanham, Maryland},
	abstract = {Author states that on page 50 and in table 2, prior to management of alfalfa leaf-cutting bees and alkali bees for US alfalfa seed production (beginning in the 1960{\textquoteright}s), growing was spread across entire northern tier of states. Acreage was vast (1.4 million acres) and yields were generally poor (135 lbs/acre). With pollination taken over using abundant managed M. rotundata and Nomia melanderi, production shifted to xeric regions of the Pacific Northwest (esp. Oregon, Washington and Idaho) and California. Overall production acreage shrank 6x to 250,000 acres because yields were improved to as much as 1,800 lbs per acre (my note...more realistically, the average grower in average year is getting more like 1100 pounds of clean seed per acre, but still, that is a 8x increase).},
	keywords = {EXOTIC, INCOMPLETE, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Stephen,W.P.},
	editor = {Strickler,K. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1570,
	title = {Pollinating bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) of U.S. alfalfa compared for rates of pod and seed set},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {22 - 27},
	abstract = {Alfalfa (=lucerne) flowers require visiting bees to trip the sexual column, thereby providing pollination and subsequent pod and seed set. Previous studies have compared the pollination values of different bee species solely by the speed with which they handle flowers and the proportion of visited flowers tripped. In this greenhouse study, five species of bees, including the three commercially managed U.S alfalfa pollinators, are likewise compared for their floral tripping frequencies. These bee species are also compared for the pod set and mature seed that results from their single visits to virgin flowers. Regardless of the identity of the pollinating bee, tripped flowers had the same probabilities of pod set and seed set. Thus, differences in the single-visit pollination efficiencies of the various bee species are entirely attributable to the proportion of visited flowers that they trip. Females of the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, and the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata F, tripped 81 and 78\% of visited flowers, respectively. Males of these species are significantly less effective (61 and 51\%, respectively), but still significantly superior to the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (22\% of visited flowers tripped). These relationships are supported by field data for tripping frequencies. One candidate pollinator, Osmia sanrafaelae Parker, shows promise (44\% tripped), but not the congeneric O. aglaia Sandhouse (13\% tripped)},
	keywords = {APIDAE, APIS, Apoidea, FABACEAE, FRUIT SET, Halictidae, MEDICAGO, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, SEED, SEED SET},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1622,
	title = {Pollination efficiencies of three bee (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) species visiting rabbiteye blueberry},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1726 - 1731},
	abstract = {Inadequate bee pollination limits rabbiteye blueberry, Vaccinium ashei Reade, production in the some areas of the southeastern United States. Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., are currently the only manageable pollinators available for pollinating V. ashei. However, a new adaptable pollinator for rabbiteye blueberry, Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, was successfully reared and flown in captivity. The bee nested successfully in wooden shelters and conferred superior fruit set to 2-yr-old potted, rabbiteye blueberry bushes. Pollination efficiency or the percentage of blueberry flowers to set fruit after being visited once by a female O. ribifloris was comparable to that of the female blueberry bee Habropoda laboriosa (F.) and worker honey bees. Interestingly, honey bees ante thought to be inefficient pollinators of rabbiteye blueberry were found to be very efficient, especially for {\textquoteright}Climax{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}Premier{\textquoteright} flowers},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, APIDAE, APIS, Apoidea, BOMBUS, FRUIT SET, HABROPODA, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1630,
	title = {The development of Osmia lignaria Say (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as a managed pollinator of apple and almond crops: a case study},
	booktitle = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {67 - 84},
	publisher = {Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America},
	organization = {Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America},
	address = {Lanham, MD},
	keywords = {ALMOND, FRUIT PRODUCTION, HYMENOPTERAN, Megachilidae, OSMIA, PARASITE, PARASITISM, POLLINATOR, ROSACEAE, TEMPERATURE},
	author = {Torchio,P.F.},
	editor = {Strickler,K.V. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@book {1628,
	title = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {- 204},
	publisher = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	organization = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	address = {Lanham, Maryland},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BOMBUS, COMPETITION, CONSERVATION, EXOTIC, Halictidae, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, RESOURCE LIMITATION},
	author = {Strickler,K. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1578,
	title = {Pollination potential of the bee Osmia aglaia for cultivated red raspberries and blackberries (Rubus: Rosaceae)},
	journal = {HortScience : a publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2005},
	note = {LA- English},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {1705 - 1708},
	abstract = {A manageable cavity-nesting bee, Osmia aglaia Sandhouse (Apiformes: Megachilidae), was evaluated as a pollinator for cultivated red raspberry and blackberries. Floral visits by free-flying honey bees or by less numerous caged O. aglaia yielded red raspberry fruit ({\textquoteright}Canby{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}K81-6{\textquoteright}) of equivalent size. These fruit were 30\% larger (1.9 g, 70 drupelets) than fruit from unvisited flowers. Female O. aglaia readily visited flowers of all eight diverse blackberry cultivars observed. For all of these cultivated Rubus, female O. aglaia were observed to invariably collect pollen while pivoting atop the brush of pistils, maximizing opportunities for pollen transfer. Within its native geographic range in western Oregon and California, this effective native pollinator could be a sustainably managed, economical bee for cultivated cane fruit},
	keywords = {FRUIT SIZE, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, ROSACEAE, RUBUS},
	isbn = {0018-5345},
	url = {http://elinks.dialog.com/servlet/LinkManager.StarLinksDirector?\&userid=158346\&rel=v3\&pf_id=1\&publ=openURL81029531102624352\&issn=0018-5345\&vol=40\&year=2005\&page=1705\&issue=6\&lm=false\&db=DialogFile10\&app=DialogAPI1\&aulast=Cane\&atitle=Pollination+potential+o},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1623,
	title = {Screenhouse evaluations of a mason bee Osmia ribifloris (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as a pollinator of blueberries in the southeastern United States},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {381 - 392},
	keywords = {Apoidea, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI, VARIATION},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Stringer,S.J. and Cane, J. H. and Spiers,J.M.}
}
@article {1582,
	title = {Substrates and materials used for nesting by North American Osmia bees},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {100},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {350 - 358},
	abstract = {Nesting substrates and construction materials are compared for 65 of North America{\textquoteright}s 139 described native species of Osmia bees. Most accounts report Osmia bees nesting in preexisting cavities in dead wood or pithy stems such as elderberry (Sambucus spp.), with cell partitions and plugs made from a pulp of finely masticated leaf tissue. Mud is widely used by species constructing free-form clumps of nest cells against stone surfaces. Some Osmia bees adopt abandoned nests of other Hymenoptera, particularly those of mud dauber wasps (Sceliphron spp.) and larger ground-nesting bees (e.g., Anthophora spp.). Reports of subterranean nesting by Osmia species are uncommon but possibly under-represent the habit, because subterranean nests are obscure and likely to be scattered. Ground- or surface-nesting habits are suspected for species that are absent from intensive trap-nesting programs in their native ranges but that otherwise have been commonly taken at flowers. The range of nesting habits and materials of European species are largely comparable, although records indicate that far more European species may nest in empty snail shells},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, Megachilidae, OSMIA, SOIL},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Griswold, T. and Parker, F. D.}
}
@article {1588,
	title = {A native ground-nesting bee (Nomia melanderi) sustainably managed to pollinate alfalfa across an intensively agricultural landscape},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/05//},
	pages = {315 - 323},
	abstract = {The world{\textquoteright}s only intensively managed ground-nesting bee, the alkali bee (Nomia melanderi Cockerell), has been used for >50 years as an effective pollinator of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown for seed in the western USA. Across a 240 km(2) watershed in Washington, the 24 most populous of 56 nest sites found were annually surveyed for nesting bees for 8 years. Alkali bees multiplied 9-fold to 17 million females, the largest reported metapopulation of non-social bees. Several sites have remained populous for an unprecedented 50 years. The most populous nesting bed (1.5 ha) grew to 5.3 million nesting females (median = 278 nests/m(2)), the largest bee nesting aggregation ever recorded. This first-ever exhaustive landscape-level survey for any non-social bee reveals that even amid intensive conventional agriculture, a native bee can sustainably multiply to vast numbers, its nesting aggregations persisting for decades},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR, Halictidae, Megachilidae, NOMIA, POLLINATOR, SEED, SOIL},
	isbn = {0044-8435},
	url = {ISI:000256154100004},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1587,
	title = {An effective, manageable bee for pollination of Rubus bramble fruits, Osmia aglaia},
	volume = {777},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {459 - 464},
	abstract = {The non-social cavity-nesting bee Osmia aglaia Sandhouse (Apiformes:
Megachilidae) shows promise as a manageable and effective pollinator for
commercial raspberries and blackberries (Rubus). Floral visits by honey bees (Apis
mellifera L.) or by less numerous caged O. aglaia yielded red raspberries of
equivalent size; berries from unvisited caged flowers were significantly smaller.
Female O. aglaia readily visited flowers of various blackberry cultivars too. Female
foraging behavior on top of a flower{\textquoteright}s pistils maximizes the chances for pollen
transfer to innermost stigmas. The bee readily nests in inexpensive commercial foam
nesting substrates modified from those already used for the alfalfa leaf-cutting bee.
An affordable, durable nesting shelter and practical support frame has also been
field tested. Large nesting populations have been increased in commercial bramble
fruits in Oregon USA. Within its range in western Oregon and California USA, this
effective native pollinator of Rubus could be a sustainably managed bee for
cultivated bramble fruits.},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, FRUIT SIZE, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, ROSACEAE, RUBUS},
	url = {http://www.actahort.org/books/777/777_70.htm},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1590,
	title = {Resurrecting the bee Osmia aglaia Sandhouse from synonymy (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/01//},
	pages = {43 - 45},
	abstract = {<p>The western US bee Osmia aglaia Sandhouse is resurrected from synonymy with O. laeta Sandhouse. Confusion resulted from errors in paratype identification, which are herein corrected. New distinguishing morphological characters are provided that justify the specific status of O. aglaia</p>
},
	keywords = {Apoidea, Megachilidae, OSMIA, taxonomy},
	isbn = {0022-8567},
	url = {ISI:000265226600004},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Rust, R. W. and Bohart, G. W.}
}
@article {1625,
	title = {Biology and management potential for three orchard bee species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, O. lignaria (Say) and O. chalybea Smith, with emphasis on the former},
	volume = {810},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {549 - 556},
	abstract = {What follows is comprehensive information on the biology and techniques for propagating select species of orchard bees for blueberry pollination, especially Osmia ribifloris Cockerell. Before we introduce O. ribifloris or any other bee species to a blueberry farm commercially, we must rear enough adults for field-scale release, design cheaper, lightweight nesting materials and increase grower awareness of the bee{\textquoteright}s value. We hope that by delivering reproductively viable bees onto farms, berry producers will gain a secondary source of revenue from selling surplus Osmia cocoons and nesting supplies. The results we present here represent 14 years of rearing orchard bees in the Deep South (Alabama and Mississippi), and should apply to blueberry growing regions west of the Mississippi River where one of the bee species, Osmia ribifloris, is endemic (e.g., Texas, California and Oregon). We also discuss some ecological, physiological and genetic costs of keeping a small pollinator population in captivity for almost a decade.},
	keywords = {ASTERACEAE, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, LIFE HISTORY, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Cane, J. H. and Kirker,G.T. and Stringer,S.J. and Spiers,J.M.}
}
@article {563,
	title = {Global invasion by Anthidium manicatum (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): assessing potential distribution in North America and beyond},
	journal = {Biological Invasions},
	year = {2011},
	month = {06/2011},
	type = {Original Paper},
	abstract = {<p>The wool carder bee, Anthidium manicatum, is the most widely distributed unmanaged bee in the world. It was unintentionally introduced to North America in the late 1960s from Europe, and subsequently, into South America, New Zealand and the Canary Islands. We provide information on the local distribution, seasonal abundance and sex ratio of A. manicatum from samples collected in an intensive two-year survey across Utah, USA. Anthidium manicatum was detected in 10 of the 29 Utah counties, largely in urban and suburban settings. Combining presence-only and MaxEnt background data from literature, museum databases and new records from Utah, we constructed three species distribution models to examine the potential distribution of A. manicatum in its native Eurasian range as well as invaded ranges of North and South America. The A. manicatum model based on locality and background data from the species\&rsquo; native range predicted 50\% of the invasive records associated with high habitat suitability (HS \&gt;= 0.90). The invasive North American model predicted a much broader distribution of A. manicatum (214\% increase); whereas, the South American model predicted a narrower distribution (88\% decrease). The poor predictive power of the latter model in estimating suitable habitats in the invasive South American range of A. manicatum suggests that the bee may still be limited by the bioclimatic constraints associated with a novel environment. Estimates of niche similarity (D) between the native and invasive models find that the North America bioclimatic niche is more similar to the bioclimatic niche of the native model (D = 0.78), whereas the bioclimatic niche of the South America invasion is relatively dissimilar (D = 0.69). We discuss the naturalization of A. manicatum in North America, possibly through punctuated dispersal, the probability of suitable habitats across the globe and the synanthropy exhibited by this invasive species.</p>
},
	keywords = {Invasion dynamics, Megachilidae, Species distribution modeling, Synanthropy},
	doi = {DOI 10.1007/s10530-011-0030-y},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/103794/?Content+Status=Accepted},
	author = {Strange, J.P. and Koch, J.B. and Gonzalez, V.H. and Nemelka, L. and Griswold, T.}
}
@article {559,
	title = {A new species of the bee genus Ctenoplectrella in middle Eocene Baltic amber (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Zookeys},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2011},
	month = {06/2011},
	type = {Research Article},
	chapter = {41-49},
	keywords = {Ctenoplectrellini, Eocene, Megachilidae, paleontology, taxonomy, Tertiary},
	doi = {10.3897/zookeys.111.1593},
	author = {Gonzalez, V.H. and Engel, M.S.}
}
@article {1614,
	title = {The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata: The world{\textquoteright}s most intensively managed solitary bee},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2011},
	note = {doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144836},
	month = {2011/12/06/},
	pages = {221 - 237},
	abstract = {The alfalfa leafcutting bee (ALCB), Megachile rotundata F. (Megachildae), was accidentally introduced into the United States by the 1940s. Nest management of this Eurasian nonsocial pollinator transformed the alfalfa seed industry in North America, tripling seed production. The most common ALCB management practice is the loose cell system, in which cocooned bees are removed from nesting cavities for cleaning and storage. Traits of ALCBs that favored their commercialization include gregarious nesting; use of leaves for lining nests; ready acceptance of affordable, mass-produced nesting materials; alfalfa pollination efficacy; and emergence synchrony with alfalfa bloom. The ALCB became a commercial success because much of its natural history was understood, targeted research was pursued, and producer ingenuity was encouraged. The ALCB presents a model system for commercializing other solitary bees and for advancing new testable hypotheses in diverse biological disciplines},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, DISEASE, EXOTIC, FABACEAE, MEDICAGO, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, REPRODUCTION},
	isbn = {0066-4170},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144836},
	author = {Pitts-Singer,T.L. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1592,
	title = {Specialist Osmia bees forage indiscriminately among hybridizing Balsamorhiza floral hosts},
	volume = {167},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/09/01/},
	pages = {107 - 116},
	abstract = {Pollinators, even floral generalists (=polyleges), typically specialize during individual foraging bouts, infrequently switching between floral hosts. Such transient floral constancy restricts pollen flow, and thereby gene flow, to conspecific flowers in mixed plant communities. Where incipient flowering species meet, however, weak cross-fertility and often similar floral traits can yield mixed reproductive outcomes among pollinator-dependent species. In these cases, floral constancy by polyleges sometimes serves as an ethological mating barrier. More often, their foraging infidelities instead facilitate host introgression and hybridization. Many other bee species are oligolectic (taxonomic specialists for pollen). Oligoleges could be more discriminating connoisseurs than polyleges when foraging among their limited set of related floral hosts. If true, greater foraging constancy might ensue, contributing to positive assortative mating and disruptive selection, thereby facilitating speciation among their interfertile floral hosts. To test this Connoisseur Hypothesis, nesting females of two species of oligolectic Osmia bees were presented with randomized mixed arrays of flowers of two sympatric species of their pollen host, Balsamorhiza, a genus known for hybridization. In a closely spaced grid, the females of both species preferred the larger flowered B. macrophylla, evidence for discrimination. However, both species{\textquoteright} females showed no floral constancy whatsoever during their individual foraging bouts, switching randomly between species proportional to their floral preference. In a wider spaced array in which the bouquets reflected natural plant spacing, foraging oligolectic bees often transferred pollen surrogates (fluorescent powders) both between conspecific flowers (geitonogamy and xenogamy) and between the two Balsamorhiza species. The Connoisseur Hypothesis was therefore rejected. Foraging infidelity by these oligolectic Osmia bees will contribute to introgression and hybridization where interfertile species of Balsamorhiza meet and flower together. A literature review reveals that other plant genera whose species hybridize also attract numerous oligolectic bees, providing independent opportunities to test the generality of this conclusion.},
	keywords = {ASTERACEAE, BALSAMORHIZA, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, CONSTANCY, HYBRIDIZATION, Megachilidae, OLIGOLECTY, OSMIA, POLLEN FLOW, STATISTICS},
	isbn = {0029-8549},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-1977-1},
	author = {Cane,James}
}
@article {1591,
	title = {Nectar and pollen sugars constituting larval provisions of the alfalfa leaf-cutting bee (Megachile rotundata) (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae)},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/05//},
	pages = {401 - 408},
	abstract = {As with most solitary bees, larvae of the alfalfa leaf-cutting bee, Megachile rotundata Fab., eat a diet blended from pollen and nectar of unknown proportions. In this study, we developed protocols to isolate and quantify sugars from larval provision masses. The method removed free amino acids that leach from pollen and confound chromatography, but without autohydrolyzing sucrose. Pollen sugars were a negligible fraction of provision mass sugars. Glucose and fructose constituted about half of the provision fresh weight. Sucrose in alfalfa pollen and nectar is absent from the provision, presumably enzymatically hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose in the provision. Provision masses are composed of two to three times more floral equivalents in pollen than nectar. Female M. rotundata, and other solitary bees with pasty provisions, gather proportionally more pollen than nectar compared with the resource needs of colonies of social honeybees and bumblebees},
	keywords = {CHROMATOGRAPHY, LARVAL PROVISIONS, MEDICAGO, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, METHODS, NECTAR, NECTAR COMPOSITION, POLLEN-CHEMISTRY, SUGAR},
	isbn = {0044-8435},
	url = {ISI:000292612900015},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Gardner,D.R. and Harrison,P.A.}
}
@article {1631,
	title = {Breeding biology of the threadstalk milkvetch, Astragalus filipes (Fabaceae), with a review of the genus},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {165},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {225 - 240},
	abstract = {Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is an enormous and diverse plant genus with a cosmopolitan distribution, but relatively few breeding biologies are known for its member species. Threadstalk (or basalt) milkvetch, Astragalus filipes Torrey ex. A. Gray, is common and widespread throughout the US Intermountain West, including the Great Basin. It is being studied and ultimately propagated for extensive rangeland restoration projects throughout the sagebrush steppe. Understanding the breeding biology of A. filipes will be necessary for reliable and consistent commercial seed production with this species. We examined reproductive output from four manual pollination treatments (autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy and distant xenogamy) in a common garden. As measures of fitness, we counted fruit and seed set, then germinated viable seeds, to assess reproductive output. This species is weakly self compatible; xenogamous pollen transfer results in nine times more seed per pollination. Pollen transfer between geographically distant seed accessions resulted in a decrease in seed germination, but no difference in fruit or seed set. Cross pollination by bees will be necessary for copious seed production by this species. In the wild, flowers of A. filipes are visited most commonly and ubiquitously by a diversity of Osmia bee species plus several bee species each of Eucera, Anthidium, Bombus and sometimes Hoplitis.},
	keywords = {ASTRAGALUS, BOMBUS, FABACEAE, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OSMIA, OUTCROSSING, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED PRODUCTION, SEED SET, SELF-COMPATIBILITY},
	author = {Watrous,K.W. and Cane, J. H.}
}
