@mastersthesis {1721,
	title = {Aspects of the biology of the European bee Anthidium manicatum (Hymeoptera: Megachilidae) in New York state.},
	volume = {Masters Thesis},
	year = {1973},
	school = {Cornell University},
	type = {masters},
	author = {Kurtak, B. H.}
}
@article {1612,
	title = {Host records and nest entry by Dolichostelis, a kleptoparasitic anthidiine bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Pan-Pacific Entomologist},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	pages = {172 - 177},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CLEPTOPARASITE, Megachilidae},
	author = {Parker, F. D. and Cane, J. H. and Frankie,G.W. and Vinson,S.B.}
}
@article {1533,
	title = {Dufour{\textquoteright}s gland glycerides from Anthophora, Emphoropsis (Anthophoridae) and Megachile (Megachilidae) bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)},
	volume = {78B},
	year = {1984},
	month = {1984///},
	pages = {769 - 772},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, Apoidea, CHEMICAL ECOLOGY, DUFOUR{\textquoteright}S GLAND, LIPID, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Carlson,R.}
}
@article {1606,
	title = {Foraging by bee pollinators of cranberry},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993/07//},
	pages = {10,21 - 10,22},
	keywords = {APIS, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BOMBUS, CRANBERRIES, ERICACEAE, MEGACHILE, POLLINATOR, VISITATION RATE},
	author = {MacKenzie,K. and Cane, J. H. and Schiffhauer,D.}
}
@article {1549,
	title = {Soils of ground-nesting bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea): texture, moisture, cell depth and climate},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991///},
	pages = {406 - 413},
	abstract = {32 species of ground-nesting bees},
	keywords = {ANDRENIDAE, ANTHOPHORIDAE, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CLIMATE, COLLETIDAE, ECOLOGY, Halictidae, Megachilidae, MELITTIDAE, SOIL},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1559,
	title = {Nesting resins obtained from Larrea pollen host by an oligolectic bee, Trachusa larreae (Cockerell) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {99 - 102},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, LARREA, Megachilidae, NEST LINING, OLIGOLECTY, POLLEN, RESIN/SAP, Trachusa},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1560,
	title = {Pollination, foraging, and nesting ecology of the leaf-cutting bee Megachile (Delomegachile) addenda (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) on cranberry beds},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {89},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {361 - 367},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-MATING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, BUZZ POLLINATION, CLEPTOPARASITE, CRANBERRIES, ECOLOGY, ERICACEAE, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, POLLEN LOAD- BEE, POLLEN LOAD- STIGMA, POLLEN PRODUCTION, POLLEN REMOVAL, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, SOIL, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Schiffhauer,D. and Kervin,L.J.}
}
@article {1620,
	title = {Blue bees for blueberries?},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {12 - 3,15},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OLIGOLECTY, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI},
	author = {Sampson,B. and Cane, J. H. and Neff,J.}
}
@article {1621,
	title = {Impact of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on flower, pollen, and nectar production},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {86},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {108 - 114},
	abstract = {Intensified ultraviolet-B radiation or UV-B (wavelengths between 280 and 320 nm) can delay flowering and diminish lifetime flower production in a few plants. Here we studied the effects of enhanced UV-B on floral traits crucial to pollination and pollinator reproduction. We observed simultaneous flowering responses of a new crop plant, Limnanthes alba (Limnathaceae), and a wildflower Phacelia campanularia (Hydrophyllaceae), to five lifetime UV-B dosages ranging between 2.74 and 15.93 kJ.m(-2).d(-1), Floral traits known to link plant pollination with bee host preference, host fidelity and larval development were measured. Intensified UV-B had no overall effect on nectar and pollen production of L. alba and P. campanularia flowers. A quadratic relationship between UV-B and nectar sugar production occurred in P. campanularia and showed that even subambient UV-B dosages can be deleterious for a floral trait. Other floral responses to UV-B were more dramatic and idiosyncratic. As UV-B dosage increased, L. alba plants were less likely to flower, but suffered no delays in flowering or reductions to lifetime flower production for those that did Bower. Conversely, an equal proportion of P. campanularia plants flowered under all UV-B treatments, but these same plants experienced delayed onset to bloom and produced fewer flowers at greater UV-B intensities. Therefore, intensified UV-B elicits idiosyncratic responses in flowering phenology and flower production from these two annual plants. Diurnal patterns in nectar and pollen production strongly coincided with fluctuating humidity and only weakly with UV-B dosage. Overall, our results indicated that intensified UVB can alter some flowering traits that impinge upon plant competition for pollinator services, as well as plant and pollinator reproductive success},
	keywords = {CLIMATE, COMPETITION, FLORAL DISPLAY, FLORAL REWARDS-NECTAR, FLORAL REWARDS-POLLEN, FLORAL TRAITS, FLORAL TRAITS-SIZE, FLOWER NUMBER, FLOWERING, HUMIDITY, HYDROPHYLLACEAE, NECTAR SECRETION, OSMIA, PHENOLOGY, POLLEN, POLLEN PRODUCTION, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, REPRODUCTION, SUGAR, ULTRAVIOLET, WEATHER},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1627,
	title = {Solitary bees in North American agriculture: a perspective},
	booktitle = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {41 - 66},
	publisher = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	organization = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	address = {Lanham, Maryland},
	abstract = {Author states that on page 50 and in table 2, prior to management of alfalfa leaf-cutting bees and alkali bees for US alfalfa seed production (beginning in the 1960{\textquoteright}s), growing was spread across entire northern tier of states. Acreage was vast (1.4 million acres) and yields were generally poor (135 lbs/acre). With pollination taken over using abundant managed M. rotundata and Nomia melanderi, production shifted to xeric regions of the Pacific Northwest (esp. Oregon, Washington and Idaho) and California. Overall production acreage shrank 6x to 250,000 acres because yields were improved to as much as 1,800 lbs per acre (my note...more realistically, the average grower in average year is getting more like 1100 pounds of clean seed per acre, but still, that is a 8x increase).},
	keywords = {EXOTIC, INCOMPLETE, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Stephen,W.P.},
	editor = {Strickler,K. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1570,
	title = {Pollinating bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) of U.S. alfalfa compared for rates of pod and seed set},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {22 - 27},
	abstract = {Alfalfa (=lucerne) flowers require visiting bees to trip the sexual column, thereby providing pollination and subsequent pod and seed set. Previous studies have compared the pollination values of different bee species solely by the speed with which they handle flowers and the proportion of visited flowers tripped. In this greenhouse study, five species of bees, including the three commercially managed U.S alfalfa pollinators, are likewise compared for their floral tripping frequencies. These bee species are also compared for the pod set and mature seed that results from their single visits to virgin flowers. Regardless of the identity of the pollinating bee, tripped flowers had the same probabilities of pod set and seed set. Thus, differences in the single-visit pollination efficiencies of the various bee species are entirely attributable to the proportion of visited flowers that they trip. Females of the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, and the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata F, tripped 81 and 78\% of visited flowers, respectively. Males of these species are significantly less effective (61 and 51\%, respectively), but still significantly superior to the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (22\% of visited flowers tripped). These relationships are supported by field data for tripping frequencies. One candidate pollinator, Osmia sanrafaelae Parker, shows promise (44\% tripped), but not the congeneric O. aglaia Sandhouse (13\% tripped)},
	keywords = {APIDAE, APIS, Apoidea, FABACEAE, FRUIT SET, Halictidae, MEDICAGO, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, SEED, SEED SET},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1618,
	title = {The effect of diet breadth and nesting ecology on body size variation in bees (Apiformes)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {180 - 193},
	abstract = {Body size in animals influences survival, fecundity, and mating opportunity. For bees, parental provisioning behavior largely controls offspring body size. Because larger offspring of many bee species have fitness advantages, selection on body size should act through selection on parental provisioning behavior and restrict body size variation of each species. Many bet species show great variability in body size, however, which may indicate that adult females are often constrained in their ability to consistently produce large offspring. We compared body size variation within bee species for two life history traits that could influence offspring body size: dietary breadth (specialist or generalist) and nesting habit (ground-nesting or cavity-nesting). We determined the head width (a reliable correlate of body size) of 2276 bees belonging to 31 bee species from five families and calculated the body size variation fur each species. Body size variation, measured as the coefficient of variation in head size, did not differ between pollen specialists (oligoleges) and pollen generalists (polyleges) across 13 pairs of closely-related, sympatric bee species of similar body size. Cavity-nesting species showed significantly greater variation in body size than ground-nesting species, which suggests that the choice of nest cavities utilized may be a more important predictor of offspring body size than parental body size. The cleptoparasite Coelioxys sayi had similar body size variation to one of its hosts, Megachile brevis. The European honey bee, Apis mellifera, showed the least body size variation of any species measured},
	keywords = {APIS, Apoidea, BEE SIZE, BEHAVIOR, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CLEPTOPARASITE, ECOLOGY, FITNESS, LARVAL PROVISIONS, LIFE HISTORY, MEGACHILE, MORPHOLOGY, OLIGOLECTY, POLLEN, POLYLECTY, SELECTION, SIZE, VARIATION},
	author = {Roulston,T.H. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1622,
	title = {Pollination efficiencies of three bee (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) species visiting rabbiteye blueberry},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1726 - 1731},
	abstract = {Inadequate bee pollination limits rabbiteye blueberry, Vaccinium ashei Reade, production in the some areas of the southeastern United States. Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., are currently the only manageable pollinators available for pollinating V. ashei. However, a new adaptable pollinator for rabbiteye blueberry, Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, was successfully reared and flown in captivity. The bee nested successfully in wooden shelters and conferred superior fruit set to 2-yr-old potted, rabbiteye blueberry bushes. Pollination efficiency or the percentage of blueberry flowers to set fruit after being visited once by a female O. ribifloris was comparable to that of the female blueberry bee Habropoda laboriosa (F.) and worker honey bees. Interestingly, honey bees ante thought to be inefficient pollinators of rabbiteye blueberry were found to be very efficient, especially for {\textquoteright}Climax{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}Premier{\textquoteright} flowers},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, APIDAE, APIS, Apoidea, BOMBUS, FRUIT SET, HABROPODA, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1630,
	title = {The development of Osmia lignaria Say (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as a managed pollinator of apple and almond crops: a case study},
	booktitle = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {67 - 84},
	publisher = {Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America},
	organization = {Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America},
	address = {Lanham, MD},
	keywords = {ALMOND, FRUIT PRODUCTION, HYMENOPTERAN, Megachilidae, OSMIA, PARASITE, PARASITISM, POLLINATOR, ROSACEAE, TEMPERATURE},
	author = {Torchio,P.F.},
	editor = {Strickler,K.V. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@book {1628,
	title = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {- 204},
	publisher = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	organization = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	address = {Lanham, Maryland},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BOMBUS, COMPETITION, CONSERVATION, EXOTIC, Halictidae, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, RESOURCE LIMITATION},
	author = {Strickler,K. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1576,
	title = {Pollination needs of arrowleaf balsamroot, Balsamorhiza sagittata (Heliantheae: Asteraceae)},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	note = {J
JUL},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {359 - 364},
	abstract = {Arrowleaf balsamroot, Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt, is a common, sometimes dominant, long-lived forb that flowers early in spring from the foothills to upper-montane areas of the northern Rocky Mountains and Intermountain West. Public land managers desire its seed for rangeland rehabilitation. Through manual pollination field trials, the species was found to have a mixed pollination system. It is primarily xenogamous (46\% of ovules yielded plump achenes) but partially self-compatible (31\% of achenes were plump). Unvisited flower heads formed virtually no mature achenes; only plump achenes contained seeds with endosperm. Freely visited flower heads in 2 populations produced as many achenes as manual outcross pollinations of flower heads, suggesting that seed production was not pollinator limited. Two species of Osmia bees rely mostly on Balsamorhiza and its close relative, Wyethia, for pollen. At least 165 females per hectare will need to be stocked to achieve thorough flower visitation in cultivated seed production fields},
	keywords = {ASTERACEAE, BALSAMORHIZA, OSMIA, OUTCROSSING, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED SET, SELF-COMPATIBILITY},
	url = {ISI:000231102200007},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1578,
	title = {Pollination potential of the bee Osmia aglaia for cultivated red raspberries and blackberries (Rubus: Rosaceae)},
	journal = {HortScience : a publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2005},
	note = {LA- English},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {1705 - 1708},
	abstract = {A manageable cavity-nesting bee, Osmia aglaia Sandhouse (Apiformes: Megachilidae), was evaluated as a pollinator for cultivated red raspberry and blackberries. Floral visits by free-flying honey bees or by less numerous caged O. aglaia yielded red raspberry fruit ({\textquoteright}Canby{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}K81-6{\textquoteright}) of equivalent size. These fruit were 30\% larger (1.9 g, 70 drupelets) than fruit from unvisited flowers. Female O. aglaia readily visited flowers of all eight diverse blackberry cultivars observed. For all of these cultivated Rubus, female O. aglaia were observed to invariably collect pollen while pivoting atop the brush of pistils, maximizing opportunities for pollen transfer. Within its native geographic range in western Oregon and California, this effective native pollinator could be a sustainably managed, economical bee for cultivated cane fruit},
	keywords = {FRUIT SIZE, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, ROSACEAE, RUBUS},
	isbn = {0018-5345},
	url = {http://elinks.dialog.com/servlet/LinkManager.StarLinksDirector?\&userid=158346\&rel=v3\&pf_id=1\&publ=openURL81029531102624352\&issn=0018-5345\&vol=40\&year=2005\&page=1705\&issue=6\&lm=false\&db=DialogFile10\&app=DialogAPI1\&aulast=Cane\&atitle=Pollination+potential+o},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {886,
	title = {NUEVA ESPECIE DE ABEJA DEL G{\'E}NERO OSMIA (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE) DE M{\'E}XICO},
	journal = {Folia Entomologica Mexicana},
	volume = {44 (Supl. 1)},
	year = {2005},
	chapter = {139-145.},
	author = {Ayala, R. and Griswold, T.}
}
@article {1623,
	title = {Screenhouse evaluations of a mason bee Osmia ribifloris (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as a pollinator of blueberries in the southeastern United States},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {381 - 392},
	keywords = {Apoidea, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI, VARIATION},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Stringer,S.J. and Cane, J. H. and Spiers,J.M.}
}
@article {1581,
	title = {The Logan BeeMail shelter: A practical, portable unit for managing cavity-nesting agricultural pollinators},
	journal = {American Bee Journal},
	volume = {146},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {611 - 613},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, MEGACHILE, METHODS, OSMIA},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1017,
	title = {Dos especies nuevas de abejas (Hymenoptera) de la ciudad de Bogot{\'a} (Colombia)},
	journal = {Revista Colombiana de Entomolog{\'{\i}a},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {93-96},
	author = {Gonzalez, V.H.}
}
@article { ISI:000246496000008,
	title = {The male of Megachile nivalis Friese, with an updated key to members of the subgenus Megachile s. str. (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae) in North America},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF HYMENOPTERA RESEARCH},
	volume = {16},
	number = {{1}},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {178-191},
	abstract = {{The previously unknown male of Megachile nivalis Friese is described. Males of this species are very similar to those of M. relativa Cresson and because of geographic overlap of the two species, many male specimens presently identified as M. relativa within collections may actually be M. nivalis. An identification key and illustrations of mandibles are provided for females and males of the subgenus Megachile s. str. of North America. Images of genitalia, selected sterna, the lower genal area, clypeus, and forewings for males of both M. relativa and M. nivalis are also provided for comparison and to facilitate differentiation of the two species. A tabular summary is also provided for species of Megachile in North America that are known from only one sex to encourage the search for possible additional synonyms or hitherto unknown sexes.}},
	issn = {1070-9428},
	author = {Sheffield, Cory S. and Westby, Sue M.}
}
@article {778,
	title = {A review of the North and Central American Megachile subgenus Argyropile Mitchell (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1461},
	year = {2007},
	author = {Gonzalez, V.H. and Griswold, T.}
}
@article {888,
	title = {Substrates and Materials Used for Nesting by North American Osmia Bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA},
	volume = {100},
	year = {2007},
	chapter = {350-358},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Griswold, T. and Parker, F. D.}
}
@article { ISI:000260976700008,
	title = {Potential of bigleaf lupine for building and sustaining Osmia lignaria populations for pollination of apple},
	journal = {CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST},
	volume = {140},
	number = {{5}},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {589-599},
	abstract = {Bees of the genus Osmia Panzer (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) are among the contenders to replace honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Apidae), for pollinating tree-fruit crops. One species, Osmia lignaria Say, has shown great potential in western North America and was recently introduced into Nova Scotia for evaluation as a pollinator of apple, Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). A major component of that study was to develop management options for O. lignaria, including methods of sustaining nesting females following crop flowering to maximize Population recovery for pollination in subsequent seasons. The objective of this study was to evaluate bigleaf lupine, Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. (Fabaceae), as a secondary food plant for nesting female O. lignaria by investigating nesting activity, pollen-Use patterns, and fecundity. During 2002-2003, female O. lignaria collected high proportions of apple pollen (>70\%) during mid and late flowering; after then, most pollen (>90\%) was collected from bigleaf lupine. The flowering period Of lupine in Nova Scotia (late May to early July) slightly overlapped that of apple, so there was no scarcity of pollen resources during the life-span of O. lignaria. Most nests typically showed high levels (<= 200\%) of population growth, but recorded levels varied among nest types and locations. In 2004, nests closer to lupine plots exhibited significantly greater population recovery than nests located farther away (i.e., approximately 600 m). Bigleaf lupine is a suitable plant species for meeting the pollen requirements of nesting populations of O. lignaria following apple flowering, thus promoting the recovery of populations to meet apple pollination requirements in subsequent seasons.},
	issn = {0008-347X},
	author = {Sheffield, Cory S. and Westby, Sue M. and Smith, Robert F. and Kevan, Peter G.}
}
@article { ISI:000258272900011,
	title = {Summer bees for spring crops? Potential problems with Megachile rotundata (Fab.) (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae) as a pollinator of lowbush blueberry (Ericaceae)},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY},
	volume = {81},
	number = {{3}},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {276-287},
	abstract = {The alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), was introduced into the lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium and V. myrtilloides (Ericaceae), agro-ecosystems of Atlantic Canada and the state of Maine in the early 1990{\textquoteright}s. As a managed pollinator of this crop, this typical {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}summer-active{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} bee is released approximately one month earlier than for alfalfa pollination and therefore is exposed to a different set of climatological conditions, primarily night time temperatures which can reach as low as -8 degrees C during flowering. The objectives of this study were to investigate aspects of cold-hardiness in post-diapausing M. rotundata, and to determine the potential effects of subzero temperatures on adult females through studies of supercooling capacity and survival at low temperatures. Post-diapausing M. rotundata maintain a supercooling capacity below -23 degrees C until pupation, after which all developmental stages freeze between -15 degrees C and -17 degrees C. Fed and unfed adult females show significant differences in their supercooling capacity; -8 degrees C and -16 degrees C, respectively. Bees which have fed showed very little susceptibility to temperatures above -5 degrees C, but mortality significantly increased at -10 degrees C, and was 100\% at -15 degrees C. As such, M. rotundata populations are likely susceptible to unusually cool night time temperatures when used for lowbush blueberry pollination. The implications of earlier release times on bee biology and population recovery for pollination are discussed.},
	issn = {{0022-8567}},
	doi = {10.2317/JKES-710.23.1},
	author = {Sheffield, Cory S.}
}
@article { ISI:000255098000011,
	title = {Diversity of cavity-nesting bees (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) within apple orchards and wild habitats in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada},
	journal = {CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST},
	volume = {140},
	number = {{2}},
	year = {2007},
	month = {MAR-APR},
	pages = {235-249},
	abstract = {Solitary cavity-nesting bees, especially trap-nesting Megachilidae, have great potential as commercial pollinators. A few species have been developed for crop pollination, but the diversity, abundance, and potential pollination contributions of native cavity-nesting bees within agricultural systems have seldom been assessed. Our objectives were to compare the diversity and fecundity of cavity-nesting bees in Nova Scotia in natural ecosystems with those in apple orchards under three levels of management, using trap nests, and to determine whether any native bees show promise for development as pollinators. Our results show that species richness and numbers of bees reared from trap nests in commercially managed orchards, abandoned orchards, and natural habitats were similar, and species{\textquoteright} compositional patterns were not unique to specific habitats. Trap nests can be used to increase and maintain cavity-nesting bee populations within Nova Scotia apple orchards. Osmia tersula Cockerell (Megachilidae), which accounted for almost 45\% of all bees captured and was the most abundant species nesting in all habitats evaluated, should be assessed for potential as a commercial pollinator of spring-flowering crops. The influence of natural cavities on bee species richness in trap-nesting surveys is also discussed.},
	issn = {0008-347X},
	author = {Sheffield, Cory S. and Kevan, Peter G. and Westby, Sue M. and Smith, Robert F.}
}
@article {1582,
	title = {Substrates and materials used for nesting by North American Osmia bees},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {100},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {350 - 358},
	abstract = {Nesting substrates and construction materials are compared for 65 of North America{\textquoteright}s 139 described native species of Osmia bees. Most accounts report Osmia bees nesting in preexisting cavities in dead wood or pithy stems such as elderberry (Sambucus spp.), with cell partitions and plugs made from a pulp of finely masticated leaf tissue. Mud is widely used by species constructing free-form clumps of nest cells against stone surfaces. Some Osmia bees adopt abandoned nests of other Hymenoptera, particularly those of mud dauber wasps (Sceliphron spp.) and larger ground-nesting bees (e.g., Anthophora spp.). Reports of subterranean nesting by Osmia species are uncommon but possibly under-represent the habit, because subterranean nests are obscure and likely to be scattered. Ground- or surface-nesting habits are suspected for species that are absent from intensive trap-nesting programs in their native ranges but that otherwise have been commonly taken at flowers. The range of nesting habits and materials of European species are largely comparable, although records indicate that far more European species may nest in empty snail shells},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, Megachilidae, OSMIA, SOIL},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Griswold, T. and Parker, F. D.}
}
@article { ISI:000265226600002,
	title = {Rapid Range Expansion of the Wool-Carder Bee, Anthidium manicatum (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), in North America},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY},
	volume = {82},
	number = {{1}},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {21-29},
	abstract = {Anthidium manicatum (L.) is an adventive species of European origin first recorded in North America in the late 1960{\textquoteright}s; from that point until 2001 its range on the continent was restricted to the northeast-central USA and central Canada (Ontario, more recently Quebec). In 2005, this species was reported from Nova Scotia, a rapid and wide increase in its distribution. In this paper, we document a similar rapid spread of A. manicatum into western North America, including British Columbia and Idaho, and discuss the potential risks of this species in eastern Canada. In addition, the potential of DNA barcoding as a rapid and reliable means of recognizing adventive bee species is advocated.},
	issn = {0022-8567},
	author = {Gibbs, Jason and Sheffield, Cory S.}
}
@article {911,
	title = {Resurrecting the Bee Osmia aglaia Sandhouse from Synonymy (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2009},
	chapter = {43-45.},
	keywords = {1939, Osmia aglaia Sandhouse},
	author = {Cane, J. and Rust, R. W. and Bohart, G. W.}
}
@article {1588,
	title = {A native ground-nesting bee (Nomia melanderi) sustainably managed to pollinate alfalfa across an intensively agricultural landscape},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/05//},
	pages = {315 - 323},
	abstract = {The world{\textquoteright}s only intensively managed ground-nesting bee, the alkali bee (Nomia melanderi Cockerell), has been used for >50 years as an effective pollinator of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown for seed in the western USA. Across a 240 km(2) watershed in Washington, the 24 most populous of 56 nest sites found were annually surveyed for nesting bees for 8 years. Alkali bees multiplied 9-fold to 17 million females, the largest reported metapopulation of non-social bees. Several sites have remained populous for an unprecedented 50 years. The most populous nesting bed (1.5 ha) grew to 5.3 million nesting females (median = 278 nests/m(2)), the largest bee nesting aggregation ever recorded. This first-ever exhaustive landscape-level survey for any non-social bee reveals that even amid intensive conventional agriculture, a native bee can sustainably multiply to vast numbers, its nesting aggregations persisting for decades},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR, Halictidae, Megachilidae, NOMIA, POLLINATOR, SEED, SOIL},
	isbn = {0044-8435},
	url = {ISI:000256154100004},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1587,
	title = {An effective, manageable bee for pollination of Rubus bramble fruits, Osmia aglaia},
	volume = {777},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {459 - 464},
	abstract = {The non-social cavity-nesting bee Osmia aglaia Sandhouse (Apiformes:
Megachilidae) shows promise as a manageable and effective pollinator for
commercial raspberries and blackberries (Rubus). Floral visits by honey bees (Apis
mellifera L.) or by less numerous caged O. aglaia yielded red raspberries of
equivalent size; berries from unvisited caged flowers were significantly smaller.
Female O. aglaia readily visited flowers of various blackberry cultivars too. Female
foraging behavior on top of a flower{\textquoteright}s pistils maximizes the chances for pollen
transfer to innermost stigmas. The bee readily nests in inexpensive commercial foam
nesting substrates modified from those already used for the alfalfa leaf-cutting bee.
An affordable, durable nesting shelter and practical support frame has also been
field tested. Large nesting populations have been increased in commercial bramble
fruits in Oregon USA. Within its range in western Oregon and California USA, this
effective native pollinator of Rubus could be a sustainably managed bee for
cultivated bramble fruits.},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, FRUIT SIZE, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, ROSACEAE, RUBUS},
	url = {http://www.actahort.org/books/777/777_70.htm},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1585,
	title = {Pollinating bees crucial to farming wildflower seed for U.S. habitat restoration},
	booktitle = {Bees in Agricultural Ecosystems},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {48 - 64},
	publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
	organization = {Oxford Univ. Press},
	address = {NY},
	keywords = {APIS, Apoidea, BOMBUS, CONSERVATION, DISEASE, HABITAT, MEGACHILE, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED},
	author = {Cane, J. H.},
	editor = {James,R.R. and Pitts-Singer,T.L.}
}
@article {1590,
	title = {Resurrecting the bee Osmia aglaia Sandhouse from synonymy (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/01//},
	pages = {43 - 45},
	abstract = {<p>The western US bee Osmia aglaia Sandhouse is resurrected from synonymy with O. laeta Sandhouse. Confusion resulted from errors in paratype identification, which are herein corrected. New distinguishing morphological characters are provided that justify the specific status of O. aglaia</p>
},
	keywords = {Apoidea, Megachilidae, OSMIA, taxonomy},
	isbn = {0022-8567},
	url = {ISI:000265226600004},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Rust, R. W. and Bohart, G. W.}
}
@article {1625,
	title = {Biology and management potential for three orchard bee species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, O. lignaria (Say) and O. chalybea Smith, with emphasis on the former},
	volume = {810},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {549 - 556},
	abstract = {What follows is comprehensive information on the biology and techniques for propagating select species of orchard bees for blueberry pollination, especially Osmia ribifloris Cockerell. Before we introduce O. ribifloris or any other bee species to a blueberry farm commercially, we must rear enough adults for field-scale release, design cheaper, lightweight nesting materials and increase grower awareness of the bee{\textquoteright}s value. We hope that by delivering reproductively viable bees onto farms, berry producers will gain a secondary source of revenue from selling surplus Osmia cocoons and nesting supplies. The results we present here represent 14 years of rearing orchard bees in the Deep South (Alabama and Mississippi), and should apply to blueberry growing regions west of the Mississippi River where one of the bee species, Osmia ribifloris, is endemic (e.g., Texas, California and Oregon). We also discuss some ecological, physiological and genetic costs of keeping a small pollinator population in captivity for almost a decade.},
	keywords = {ASTERACEAE, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, LIFE HISTORY, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Cane, J. H. and Kirker,G.T. and Stringer,S.J. and Spiers,J.M.}
}
@article {1101,
	title = {Description of a new species of Osmia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from southwestern North America, with a redescription of the enigmatic species Osmia foxi Cameron},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {2512},
	year = {2010},
	author = {Rightmyer, M. G. and Griswold, T.}
}
@article {1110,
	title = {A review of the non-metallic Osmia (Melanosmia) found in North America, with additional notes on palearctic Melanosmia (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)},
	journal = {ZooKeys},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2010},
	author = {Rightmyer, M. G. and Griswold, T. and Arduser, M. S.}
}
@article {1698,
	title = {Nesting ecology of Megachile (Sayapis) mendozana Cockerell and its synonymy with Megachile (Sayapis) santiaguensis Durante (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {3008},
	year = {2011},
	chapter = {63-68},
	keywords = {Leafcutter bees, Megachilini, taxonomy, Trap-nests},
	author = {Torretta, J. P. and Durante, S. P.}
}
@article {565,
	title = {Taxonomic notes on the small resin bees Hypanthidioides subgenus Michanthidium (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)},
	journal = {ZooKeys},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2011},
	month = {07/2011},
	type = {Research Article},
	chapter = {51{\textendash}58},
	doi = {10.3897/zookeys.117.1665},
	author = {Gonzalez, V.H. and Griswold, T.}
}
@article {563,
	title = {Global invasion by Anthidium manicatum (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): assessing potential distribution in North America and beyond},
	journal = {Biological Invasions},
	year = {2011},
	month = {06/2011},
	type = {Original Paper},
	abstract = {<p>The wool carder bee, Anthidium manicatum, is the most widely distributed unmanaged bee in the world. It was unintentionally introduced to North America in the late 1960s from Europe, and subsequently, into South America, New Zealand and the Canary Islands. We provide information on the local distribution, seasonal abundance and sex ratio of A. manicatum from samples collected in an intensive two-year survey across Utah, USA. Anthidium manicatum was detected in 10 of the 29 Utah counties, largely in urban and suburban settings. Combining presence-only and MaxEnt background data from literature, museum databases and new records from Utah, we constructed three species distribution models to examine the potential distribution of A. manicatum in its native Eurasian range as well as invaded ranges of North and South America. The A. manicatum model based on locality and background data from the species\&rsquo; native range predicted 50\% of the invasive records associated with high habitat suitability (HS \&gt;= 0.90). The invasive North American model predicted a much broader distribution of A. manicatum (214\% increase); whereas, the South American model predicted a narrower distribution (88\% decrease). The poor predictive power of the latter model in estimating suitable habitats in the invasive South American range of A. manicatum suggests that the bee may still be limited by the bioclimatic constraints associated with a novel environment. Estimates of niche similarity (D) between the native and invasive models find that the North America bioclimatic niche is more similar to the bioclimatic niche of the native model (D = 0.78), whereas the bioclimatic niche of the South America invasion is relatively dissimilar (D = 0.69). We discuss the naturalization of A. manicatum in North America, possibly through punctuated dispersal, the probability of suitable habitats across the globe and the synanthropy exhibited by this invasive species.</p>
},
	keywords = {Invasion dynamics, Megachilidae, Species distribution modeling, Synanthropy},
	doi = {DOI 10.1007/s10530-011-0030-y},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/103794/?Content+Status=Accepted},
	author = {Strange, J.P. and Koch, J.B. and Gonzalez, V.H. and Nemelka, L. and Griswold, T.}
}
@article {559,
	title = {A new species of the bee genus Ctenoplectrella in middle Eocene Baltic amber (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Zookeys},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2011},
	month = {06/2011},
	type = {Research Article},
	chapter = {41-49},
	keywords = {Ctenoplectrellini, Eocene, Megachilidae, paleontology, taxonomy, Tertiary},
	doi = {10.3897/zookeys.111.1593},
	author = {Gonzalez, V.H. and Engel, M.S.}
}
@article {1614,
	title = {The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata: The world{\textquoteright}s most intensively managed solitary bee},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2011},
	note = {doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144836},
	month = {2011/12/06/},
	pages = {221 - 237},
	abstract = {The alfalfa leafcutting bee (ALCB), Megachile rotundata F. (Megachildae), was accidentally introduced into the United States by the 1940s. Nest management of this Eurasian nonsocial pollinator transformed the alfalfa seed industry in North America, tripling seed production. The most common ALCB management practice is the loose cell system, in which cocooned bees are removed from nesting cavities for cleaning and storage. Traits of ALCBs that favored their commercialization include gregarious nesting; use of leaves for lining nests; ready acceptance of affordable, mass-produced nesting materials; alfalfa pollination efficacy; and emergence synchrony with alfalfa bloom. The ALCB became a commercial success because much of its natural history was understood, targeted research was pursued, and producer ingenuity was encouraged. The ALCB presents a model system for commercializing other solitary bees and for advancing new testable hypotheses in diverse biological disciplines},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, DISEASE, EXOTIC, FABACEAE, MEDICAGO, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, REPRODUCTION},
	isbn = {0066-4170},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144836},
	author = {Pitts-Singer,T.L. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1592,
	title = {Specialist Osmia bees forage indiscriminately among hybridizing Balsamorhiza floral hosts},
	volume = {167},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/09/01/},
	pages = {107 - 116},
	abstract = {Pollinators, even floral generalists (=polyleges), typically specialize during individual foraging bouts, infrequently switching between floral hosts. Such transient floral constancy restricts pollen flow, and thereby gene flow, to conspecific flowers in mixed plant communities. Where incipient flowering species meet, however, weak cross-fertility and often similar floral traits can yield mixed reproductive outcomes among pollinator-dependent species. In these cases, floral constancy by polyleges sometimes serves as an ethological mating barrier. More often, their foraging infidelities instead facilitate host introgression and hybridization. Many other bee species are oligolectic (taxonomic specialists for pollen). Oligoleges could be more discriminating connoisseurs than polyleges when foraging among their limited set of related floral hosts. If true, greater foraging constancy might ensue, contributing to positive assortative mating and disruptive selection, thereby facilitating speciation among their interfertile floral hosts. To test this Connoisseur Hypothesis, nesting females of two species of oligolectic Osmia bees were presented with randomized mixed arrays of flowers of two sympatric species of their pollen host, Balsamorhiza, a genus known for hybridization. In a closely spaced grid, the females of both species preferred the larger flowered B. macrophylla, evidence for discrimination. However, both species{\textquoteright} females showed no floral constancy whatsoever during their individual foraging bouts, switching randomly between species proportional to their floral preference. In a wider spaced array in which the bouquets reflected natural plant spacing, foraging oligolectic bees often transferred pollen surrogates (fluorescent powders) both between conspecific flowers (geitonogamy and xenogamy) and between the two Balsamorhiza species. The Connoisseur Hypothesis was therefore rejected. Foraging infidelity by these oligolectic Osmia bees will contribute to introgression and hybridization where interfertile species of Balsamorhiza meet and flower together. A literature review reveals that other plant genera whose species hybridize also attract numerous oligolectic bees, providing independent opportunities to test the generality of this conclusion.},
	keywords = {ASTERACEAE, BALSAMORHIZA, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, CONSTANCY, HYBRIDIZATION, Megachilidae, OLIGOLECTY, OSMIA, POLLEN FLOW, STATISTICS},
	isbn = {0029-8549},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-1977-1},
	author = {Cane,James}
}
@article {1591,
	title = {Nectar and pollen sugars constituting larval provisions of the alfalfa leaf-cutting bee (Megachile rotundata) (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae)},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/05//},
	pages = {401 - 408},
	abstract = {As with most solitary bees, larvae of the alfalfa leaf-cutting bee, Megachile rotundata Fab., eat a diet blended from pollen and nectar of unknown proportions. In this study, we developed protocols to isolate and quantify sugars from larval provision masses. The method removed free amino acids that leach from pollen and confound chromatography, but without autohydrolyzing sucrose. Pollen sugars were a negligible fraction of provision mass sugars. Glucose and fructose constituted about half of the provision fresh weight. Sucrose in alfalfa pollen and nectar is absent from the provision, presumably enzymatically hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose in the provision. Provision masses are composed of two to three times more floral equivalents in pollen than nectar. Female M. rotundata, and other solitary bees with pasty provisions, gather proportionally more pollen than nectar compared with the resource needs of colonies of social honeybees and bumblebees},
	keywords = {CHROMATOGRAPHY, LARVAL PROVISIONS, MEDICAGO, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, METHODS, NECTAR, NECTAR COMPOSITION, POLLEN-CHEMISTRY, SUGAR},
	isbn = {0044-8435},
	url = {ISI:000292612900015},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Gardner,D.R. and Harrison,P.A.}
}
@article {1631,
	title = {Breeding biology of the threadstalk milkvetch, Astragalus filipes (Fabaceae), with a review of the genus},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {165},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {225 - 240},
	abstract = {Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is an enormous and diverse plant genus with a cosmopolitan distribution, but relatively few breeding biologies are known for its member species. Threadstalk (or basalt) milkvetch, Astragalus filipes Torrey ex. A. Gray, is common and widespread throughout the US Intermountain West, including the Great Basin. It is being studied and ultimately propagated for extensive rangeland restoration projects throughout the sagebrush steppe. Understanding the breeding biology of A. filipes will be necessary for reliable and consistent commercial seed production with this species. We examined reproductive output from four manual pollination treatments (autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy and distant xenogamy) in a common garden. As measures of fitness, we counted fruit and seed set, then germinated viable seeds, to assess reproductive output. This species is weakly self compatible; xenogamous pollen transfer results in nine times more seed per pollination. Pollen transfer between geographically distant seed accessions resulted in a decrease in seed germination, but no difference in fruit or seed set. Cross pollination by bees will be necessary for copious seed production by this species. In the wild, flowers of A. filipes are visited most commonly and ubiquitously by a diversity of Osmia bee species plus several bee species each of Eucera, Anthidium, Bombus and sometimes Hoplitis.},
	keywords = {ASTRAGALUS, BOMBUS, FABACEAE, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OSMIA, OUTCROSSING, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED PRODUCTION, SEED SET, SELF-COMPATIBILITY},
	author = {Watrous,K.W. and Cane, J. H.}
}
