@article {1620,
	title = {Blue bees for blueberries?},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {12 - 3,15},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OLIGOLECTY, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI},
	author = {Sampson,B. and Cane, J. H. and Neff,J.}
}
@article {1621,
	title = {Impact of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on flower, pollen, and nectar production},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {86},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {108 - 114},
	abstract = {Intensified ultraviolet-B radiation or UV-B (wavelengths between 280 and 320 nm) can delay flowering and diminish lifetime flower production in a few plants. Here we studied the effects of enhanced UV-B on floral traits crucial to pollination and pollinator reproduction. We observed simultaneous flowering responses of a new crop plant, Limnanthes alba (Limnathaceae), and a wildflower Phacelia campanularia (Hydrophyllaceae), to five lifetime UV-B dosages ranging between 2.74 and 15.93 kJ.m(-2).d(-1), Floral traits known to link plant pollination with bee host preference, host fidelity and larval development were measured. Intensified UV-B had no overall effect on nectar and pollen production of L. alba and P. campanularia flowers. A quadratic relationship between UV-B and nectar sugar production occurred in P. campanularia and showed that even subambient UV-B dosages can be deleterious for a floral trait. Other floral responses to UV-B were more dramatic and idiosyncratic. As UV-B dosage increased, L. alba plants were less likely to flower, but suffered no delays in flowering or reductions to lifetime flower production for those that did Bower. Conversely, an equal proportion of P. campanularia plants flowered under all UV-B treatments, but these same plants experienced delayed onset to bloom and produced fewer flowers at greater UV-B intensities. Therefore, intensified UV-B elicits idiosyncratic responses in flowering phenology and flower production from these two annual plants. Diurnal patterns in nectar and pollen production strongly coincided with fluctuating humidity and only weakly with UV-B dosage. Overall, our results indicated that intensified UVB can alter some flowering traits that impinge upon plant competition for pollinator services, as well as plant and pollinator reproductive success},
	keywords = {CLIMATE, COMPETITION, FLORAL DISPLAY, FLORAL REWARDS-NECTAR, FLORAL REWARDS-POLLEN, FLORAL TRAITS, FLORAL TRAITS-SIZE, FLOWER NUMBER, FLOWERING, HUMIDITY, HYDROPHYLLACEAE, NECTAR SECRETION, OSMIA, PHENOLOGY, POLLEN, POLLEN PRODUCTION, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, REPRODUCTION, SUGAR, ULTRAVIOLET, WEATHER},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1570,
	title = {Pollinating bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) of U.S. alfalfa compared for rates of pod and seed set},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {22 - 27},
	abstract = {Alfalfa (=lucerne) flowers require visiting bees to trip the sexual column, thereby providing pollination and subsequent pod and seed set. Previous studies have compared the pollination values of different bee species solely by the speed with which they handle flowers and the proportion of visited flowers tripped. In this greenhouse study, five species of bees, including the three commercially managed U.S alfalfa pollinators, are likewise compared for their floral tripping frequencies. These bee species are also compared for the pod set and mature seed that results from their single visits to virgin flowers. Regardless of the identity of the pollinating bee, tripped flowers had the same probabilities of pod set and seed set. Thus, differences in the single-visit pollination efficiencies of the various bee species are entirely attributable to the proportion of visited flowers that they trip. Females of the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, and the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata F, tripped 81 and 78\% of visited flowers, respectively. Males of these species are significantly less effective (61 and 51\%, respectively), but still significantly superior to the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (22\% of visited flowers tripped). These relationships are supported by field data for tripping frequencies. One candidate pollinator, Osmia sanrafaelae Parker, shows promise (44\% tripped), but not the congeneric O. aglaia Sandhouse (13\% tripped)},
	keywords = {APIDAE, APIS, Apoidea, FABACEAE, FRUIT SET, Halictidae, MEDICAGO, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, SEED, SEED SET},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1622,
	title = {Pollination efficiencies of three bee (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) species visiting rabbiteye blueberry},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1726 - 1731},
	abstract = {Inadequate bee pollination limits rabbiteye blueberry, Vaccinium ashei Reade, production in the some areas of the southeastern United States. Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., are currently the only manageable pollinators available for pollinating V. ashei. However, a new adaptable pollinator for rabbiteye blueberry, Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, was successfully reared and flown in captivity. The bee nested successfully in wooden shelters and conferred superior fruit set to 2-yr-old potted, rabbiteye blueberry bushes. Pollination efficiency or the percentage of blueberry flowers to set fruit after being visited once by a female O. ribifloris was comparable to that of the female blueberry bee Habropoda laboriosa (F.) and worker honey bees. Interestingly, honey bees ante thought to be inefficient pollinators of rabbiteye blueberry were found to be very efficient, especially for {\textquoteright}Climax{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}Premier{\textquoteright} flowers},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, APIDAE, APIS, Apoidea, BOMBUS, FRUIT SET, HABROPODA, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1630,
	title = {The development of Osmia lignaria Say (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as a managed pollinator of apple and almond crops: a case study},
	booktitle = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {67 - 84},
	publisher = {Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America},
	organization = {Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America},
	address = {Lanham, MD},
	keywords = {ALMOND, FRUIT PRODUCTION, HYMENOPTERAN, Megachilidae, OSMIA, PARASITE, PARASITISM, POLLINATOR, ROSACEAE, TEMPERATURE},
	author = {Torchio,P.F.},
	editor = {Strickler,K.V. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@book {1628,
	title = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {- 204},
	publisher = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	organization = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	address = {Lanham, Maryland},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BOMBUS, COMPETITION, CONSERVATION, EXOTIC, Halictidae, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, RESOURCE LIMITATION},
	author = {Strickler,K. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1576,
	title = {Pollination needs of arrowleaf balsamroot, Balsamorhiza sagittata (Heliantheae: Asteraceae)},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	note = {J
JUL},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {359 - 364},
	abstract = {Arrowleaf balsamroot, Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt, is a common, sometimes dominant, long-lived forb that flowers early in spring from the foothills to upper-montane areas of the northern Rocky Mountains and Intermountain West. Public land managers desire its seed for rangeland rehabilitation. Through manual pollination field trials, the species was found to have a mixed pollination system. It is primarily xenogamous (46\% of ovules yielded plump achenes) but partially self-compatible (31\% of achenes were plump). Unvisited flower heads formed virtually no mature achenes; only plump achenes contained seeds with endosperm. Freely visited flower heads in 2 populations produced as many achenes as manual outcross pollinations of flower heads, suggesting that seed production was not pollinator limited. Two species of Osmia bees rely mostly on Balsamorhiza and its close relative, Wyethia, for pollen. At least 165 females per hectare will need to be stocked to achieve thorough flower visitation in cultivated seed production fields},
	keywords = {ASTERACEAE, BALSAMORHIZA, OSMIA, OUTCROSSING, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED SET, SELF-COMPATIBILITY},
	url = {ISI:000231102200007},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1578,
	title = {Pollination potential of the bee Osmia aglaia for cultivated red raspberries and blackberries (Rubus: Rosaceae)},
	journal = {HortScience : a publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2005},
	note = {LA- English},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {1705 - 1708},
	abstract = {A manageable cavity-nesting bee, Osmia aglaia Sandhouse (Apiformes: Megachilidae), was evaluated as a pollinator for cultivated red raspberry and blackberries. Floral visits by free-flying honey bees or by less numerous caged O. aglaia yielded red raspberry fruit ({\textquoteright}Canby{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}K81-6{\textquoteright}) of equivalent size. These fruit were 30\% larger (1.9 g, 70 drupelets) than fruit from unvisited flowers. Female O. aglaia readily visited flowers of all eight diverse blackberry cultivars observed. For all of these cultivated Rubus, female O. aglaia were observed to invariably collect pollen while pivoting atop the brush of pistils, maximizing opportunities for pollen transfer. Within its native geographic range in western Oregon and California, this effective native pollinator could be a sustainably managed, economical bee for cultivated cane fruit},
	keywords = {FRUIT SIZE, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, ROSACEAE, RUBUS},
	isbn = {0018-5345},
	url = {http://elinks.dialog.com/servlet/LinkManager.StarLinksDirector?\&userid=158346\&rel=v3\&pf_id=1\&publ=openURL81029531102624352\&issn=0018-5345\&vol=40\&year=2005\&page=1705\&issue=6\&lm=false\&db=DialogFile10\&app=DialogAPI1\&aulast=Cane\&atitle=Pollination+potential+o},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {886,
	title = {NUEVA ESPECIE DE ABEJA DEL G{\'E}NERO OSMIA (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE) DE M{\'E}XICO},
	journal = {Folia Entomologica Mexicana},
	volume = {44 (Supl. 1)},
	year = {2005},
	chapter = {139-145.},
	author = {Ayala, R. and Griswold, T.}
}
@article {1623,
	title = {Screenhouse evaluations of a mason bee Osmia ribifloris (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as a pollinator of blueberries in the southeastern United States},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {381 - 392},
	keywords = {Apoidea, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI, VARIATION},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Stringer,S.J. and Cane, J. H. and Spiers,J.M.}
}
@article {1581,
	title = {The Logan BeeMail shelter: A practical, portable unit for managing cavity-nesting agricultural pollinators},
	journal = {American Bee Journal},
	volume = {146},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {611 - 613},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, MEGACHILE, METHODS, OSMIA},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {888,
	title = {Substrates and Materials Used for Nesting by North American Osmia Bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA},
	volume = {100},
	year = {2007},
	chapter = {350-358},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Griswold, T. and Parker, F. D.}
}
@article { ISI:000260976700008,
	title = {Potential of bigleaf lupine for building and sustaining Osmia lignaria populations for pollination of apple},
	journal = {CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST},
	volume = {140},
	number = {{5}},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {589-599},
	abstract = {Bees of the genus Osmia Panzer (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) are among the contenders to replace honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Apidae), for pollinating tree-fruit crops. One species, Osmia lignaria Say, has shown great potential in western North America and was recently introduced into Nova Scotia for evaluation as a pollinator of apple, Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). A major component of that study was to develop management options for O. lignaria, including methods of sustaining nesting females following crop flowering to maximize Population recovery for pollination in subsequent seasons. The objective of this study was to evaluate bigleaf lupine, Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. (Fabaceae), as a secondary food plant for nesting female O. lignaria by investigating nesting activity, pollen-Use patterns, and fecundity. During 2002-2003, female O. lignaria collected high proportions of apple pollen (>70\%) during mid and late flowering; after then, most pollen (>90\%) was collected from bigleaf lupine. The flowering period Of lupine in Nova Scotia (late May to early July) slightly overlapped that of apple, so there was no scarcity of pollen resources during the life-span of O. lignaria. Most nests typically showed high levels (<= 200\%) of population growth, but recorded levels varied among nest types and locations. In 2004, nests closer to lupine plots exhibited significantly greater population recovery than nests located farther away (i.e., approximately 600 m). Bigleaf lupine is a suitable plant species for meeting the pollen requirements of nesting populations of O. lignaria following apple flowering, thus promoting the recovery of populations to meet apple pollination requirements in subsequent seasons.},
	issn = {0008-347X},
	author = {Sheffield, Cory S. and Westby, Sue M. and Smith, Robert F. and Kevan, Peter G.}
}
@article { ISI:000255098000011,
	title = {Diversity of cavity-nesting bees (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) within apple orchards and wild habitats in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada},
	journal = {CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST},
	volume = {140},
	number = {{2}},
	year = {2007},
	month = {MAR-APR},
	pages = {235-249},
	abstract = {Solitary cavity-nesting bees, especially trap-nesting Megachilidae, have great potential as commercial pollinators. A few species have been developed for crop pollination, but the diversity, abundance, and potential pollination contributions of native cavity-nesting bees within agricultural systems have seldom been assessed. Our objectives were to compare the diversity and fecundity of cavity-nesting bees in Nova Scotia in natural ecosystems with those in apple orchards under three levels of management, using trap nests, and to determine whether any native bees show promise for development as pollinators. Our results show that species richness and numbers of bees reared from trap nests in commercially managed orchards, abandoned orchards, and natural habitats were similar, and species{\textquoteright} compositional patterns were not unique to specific habitats. Trap nests can be used to increase and maintain cavity-nesting bee populations within Nova Scotia apple orchards. Osmia tersula Cockerell (Megachilidae), which accounted for almost 45\% of all bees captured and was the most abundant species nesting in all habitats evaluated, should be assessed for potential as a commercial pollinator of spring-flowering crops. The influence of natural cavities on bee species richness in trap-nesting surveys is also discussed.},
	issn = {0008-347X},
	author = {Sheffield, Cory S. and Kevan, Peter G. and Westby, Sue M. and Smith, Robert F.}
}
@article {1582,
	title = {Substrates and materials used for nesting by North American Osmia bees},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {100},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {350 - 358},
	abstract = {Nesting substrates and construction materials are compared for 65 of North America{\textquoteright}s 139 described native species of Osmia bees. Most accounts report Osmia bees nesting in preexisting cavities in dead wood or pithy stems such as elderberry (Sambucus spp.), with cell partitions and plugs made from a pulp of finely masticated leaf tissue. Mud is widely used by species constructing free-form clumps of nest cells against stone surfaces. Some Osmia bees adopt abandoned nests of other Hymenoptera, particularly those of mud dauber wasps (Sceliphron spp.) and larger ground-nesting bees (e.g., Anthophora spp.). Reports of subterranean nesting by Osmia species are uncommon but possibly under-represent the habit, because subterranean nests are obscure and likely to be scattered. Ground- or surface-nesting habits are suspected for species that are absent from intensive trap-nesting programs in their native ranges but that otherwise have been commonly taken at flowers. The range of nesting habits and materials of European species are largely comparable, although records indicate that far more European species may nest in empty snail shells},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, Megachilidae, OSMIA, SOIL},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Griswold, T. and Parker, F. D.}
}
@article {911,
	title = {Resurrecting the Bee Osmia aglaia Sandhouse from Synonymy (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2009},
	chapter = {43-45.},
	keywords = {1939, Osmia aglaia Sandhouse},
	author = {Cane, J. and Rust, R. W. and Bohart, G. W.}
}
@article {1587,
	title = {An effective, manageable bee for pollination of Rubus bramble fruits, Osmia aglaia},
	volume = {777},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {459 - 464},
	abstract = {The non-social cavity-nesting bee Osmia aglaia Sandhouse (Apiformes:
Megachilidae) shows promise as a manageable and effective pollinator for
commercial raspberries and blackberries (Rubus). Floral visits by honey bees (Apis
mellifera L.) or by less numerous caged O. aglaia yielded red raspberries of
equivalent size; berries from unvisited caged flowers were significantly smaller.
Female O. aglaia readily visited flowers of various blackberry cultivars too. Female
foraging behavior on top of a flower{\textquoteright}s pistils maximizes the chances for pollen
transfer to innermost stigmas. The bee readily nests in inexpensive commercial foam
nesting substrates modified from those already used for the alfalfa leaf-cutting bee.
An affordable, durable nesting shelter and practical support frame has also been
field tested. Large nesting populations have been increased in commercial bramble
fruits in Oregon USA. Within its range in western Oregon and California USA, this
effective native pollinator of Rubus could be a sustainably managed bee for
cultivated bramble fruits.},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, FRUIT SIZE, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, ROSACEAE, RUBUS},
	url = {http://www.actahort.org/books/777/777_70.htm},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1585,
	title = {Pollinating bees crucial to farming wildflower seed for U.S. habitat restoration},
	booktitle = {Bees in Agricultural Ecosystems},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {48 - 64},
	publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
	organization = {Oxford Univ. Press},
	address = {NY},
	keywords = {APIS, Apoidea, BOMBUS, CONSERVATION, DISEASE, HABITAT, MEGACHILE, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED},
	author = {Cane, J. H.},
	editor = {James,R.R. and Pitts-Singer,T.L.}
}
@article {1590,
	title = {Resurrecting the bee Osmia aglaia Sandhouse from synonymy (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/01//},
	pages = {43 - 45},
	abstract = {<p>The western US bee Osmia aglaia Sandhouse is resurrected from synonymy with O. laeta Sandhouse. Confusion resulted from errors in paratype identification, which are herein corrected. New distinguishing morphological characters are provided that justify the specific status of O. aglaia</p>
},
	keywords = {Apoidea, Megachilidae, OSMIA, taxonomy},
	isbn = {0022-8567},
	url = {ISI:000265226600004},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Rust, R. W. and Bohart, G. W.}
}
@article {1625,
	title = {Biology and management potential for three orchard bee species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, O. lignaria (Say) and O. chalybea Smith, with emphasis on the former},
	volume = {810},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {549 - 556},
	abstract = {What follows is comprehensive information on the biology and techniques for propagating select species of orchard bees for blueberry pollination, especially Osmia ribifloris Cockerell. Before we introduce O. ribifloris or any other bee species to a blueberry farm commercially, we must rear enough adults for field-scale release, design cheaper, lightweight nesting materials and increase grower awareness of the bee{\textquoteright}s value. We hope that by delivering reproductively viable bees onto farms, berry producers will gain a secondary source of revenue from selling surplus Osmia cocoons and nesting supplies. The results we present here represent 14 years of rearing orchard bees in the Deep South (Alabama and Mississippi), and should apply to blueberry growing regions west of the Mississippi River where one of the bee species, Osmia ribifloris, is endemic (e.g., Texas, California and Oregon). We also discuss some ecological, physiological and genetic costs of keeping a small pollinator population in captivity for almost a decade.},
	keywords = {ASTERACEAE, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, LIFE HISTORY, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Cane, J. H. and Kirker,G.T. and Stringer,S.J. and Spiers,J.M.}
}
@article {1101,
	title = {Description of a new species of Osmia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from southwestern North America, with a redescription of the enigmatic species Osmia foxi Cameron},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {2512},
	year = {2010},
	author = {Rightmyer, M. G. and Griswold, T.}
}
@article {1110,
	title = {A review of the non-metallic Osmia (Melanosmia) found in North America, with additional notes on palearctic Melanosmia (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)},
	journal = {ZooKeys},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2010},
	author = {Rightmyer, M. G. and Griswold, T. and Arduser, M. S.}
}
@article {1592,
	title = {Specialist Osmia bees forage indiscriminately among hybridizing Balsamorhiza floral hosts},
	volume = {167},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/09/01/},
	pages = {107 - 116},
	abstract = {Pollinators, even floral generalists (=polyleges), typically specialize during individual foraging bouts, infrequently switching between floral hosts. Such transient floral constancy restricts pollen flow, and thereby gene flow, to conspecific flowers in mixed plant communities. Where incipient flowering species meet, however, weak cross-fertility and often similar floral traits can yield mixed reproductive outcomes among pollinator-dependent species. In these cases, floral constancy by polyleges sometimes serves as an ethological mating barrier. More often, their foraging infidelities instead facilitate host introgression and hybridization. Many other bee species are oligolectic (taxonomic specialists for pollen). Oligoleges could be more discriminating connoisseurs than polyleges when foraging among their limited set of related floral hosts. If true, greater foraging constancy might ensue, contributing to positive assortative mating and disruptive selection, thereby facilitating speciation among their interfertile floral hosts. To test this Connoisseur Hypothesis, nesting females of two species of oligolectic Osmia bees were presented with randomized mixed arrays of flowers of two sympatric species of their pollen host, Balsamorhiza, a genus known for hybridization. In a closely spaced grid, the females of both species preferred the larger flowered B. macrophylla, evidence for discrimination. However, both species{\textquoteright} females showed no floral constancy whatsoever during their individual foraging bouts, switching randomly between species proportional to their floral preference. In a wider spaced array in which the bouquets reflected natural plant spacing, foraging oligolectic bees often transferred pollen surrogates (fluorescent powders) both between conspecific flowers (geitonogamy and xenogamy) and between the two Balsamorhiza species. The Connoisseur Hypothesis was therefore rejected. Foraging infidelity by these oligolectic Osmia bees will contribute to introgression and hybridization where interfertile species of Balsamorhiza meet and flower together. A literature review reveals that other plant genera whose species hybridize also attract numerous oligolectic bees, providing independent opportunities to test the generality of this conclusion.},
	keywords = {ASTERACEAE, BALSAMORHIZA, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, CONSTANCY, HYBRIDIZATION, Megachilidae, OLIGOLECTY, OSMIA, POLLEN FLOW, STATISTICS},
	isbn = {0029-8549},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-1977-1},
	author = {Cane,James}
}
@article {1631,
	title = {Breeding biology of the threadstalk milkvetch, Astragalus filipes (Fabaceae), with a review of the genus},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {165},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {225 - 240},
	abstract = {Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is an enormous and diverse plant genus with a cosmopolitan distribution, but relatively few breeding biologies are known for its member species. Threadstalk (or basalt) milkvetch, Astragalus filipes Torrey ex. A. Gray, is common and widespread throughout the US Intermountain West, including the Great Basin. It is being studied and ultimately propagated for extensive rangeland restoration projects throughout the sagebrush steppe. Understanding the breeding biology of A. filipes will be necessary for reliable and consistent commercial seed production with this species. We examined reproductive output from four manual pollination treatments (autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy and distant xenogamy) in a common garden. As measures of fitness, we counted fruit and seed set, then germinated viable seeds, to assess reproductive output. This species is weakly self compatible; xenogamous pollen transfer results in nine times more seed per pollination. Pollen transfer between geographically distant seed accessions resulted in a decrease in seed germination, but no difference in fruit or seed set. Cross pollination by bees will be necessary for copious seed production by this species. In the wild, flowers of A. filipes are visited most commonly and ubiquitously by a diversity of Osmia bee species plus several bee species each of Eucera, Anthidium, Bombus and sometimes Hoplitis.},
	keywords = {ASTRAGALUS, BOMBUS, FABACEAE, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OSMIA, OUTCROSSING, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED PRODUCTION, SEED SET, SELF-COMPATIBILITY},
	author = {Watrous,K.W. and Cane, J. H.}
}
