@article {1532,
	title = {Chemical evolution and chemosystematics of the Dufour{\textquoteright}s gland secretions of the lactone-producing bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae, Halictidae, Oxaeidae)},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1983},
	month = {1983///},
	pages = {657 - 674},
	keywords = {Apoidea, CHEMICAL ECOLOGY, CLADISTICS, COLLETIDAE, DUFOUR{\textquoteright}S GLAND, EVOLUTION, Halictidae, OXAEIDAE, PHYLOGENY, SYSTEMATICS-CHEMICAL},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1531,
	title = {Preliminary chemosystematics of the Andrenidae and exocrine lipid evolution of the short-tongued bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)},
	journal = {Systematic Zoology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1983},
	month = {1983///},
	pages = {417 - 430},
	keywords = {ANDRENIDAE, Apoidea, CHEMICAL ECOLOGY, DUFOUR{\textquoteright}S GLAND, EVOLUTION, LIPID},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1607,
	title = {Spatial predictability and resource specialization of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) at a superabundant, widespread resource},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, London},
	volume = {67},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {119 - 147},
	abstract = {For reciprocal specialization (coevolution) to occur among floral visitors and their host plants the interactions must be temporally and spatially persistent However, studies repeatedly have shown that species composition and relative abundance off oral visitors vary dramatically at all spatial and temporal scales. We test the hypothesis that, on average, pollen specialist bee species occur more predictably at their floral hosts than pollen generalist bee species. Taxonomic floral specialization reaches its extreme among species of solitary, pollen-collecting bees, yet few studies have considered how pollen specialization by floral visitors influences their spatial constancy. We test this hypothesis using an unusually diverse bee guild that visits creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), the most widespread, dominant plant of the warm deserts of North America. Twenty-two strict pollen specialist and 80 + generalist bee species visit Larrea for its floral resources. The sites we sampled were separated by 0.5 to \&gt; 1450 km, and spanned three distinct deserts and four vegetation zones. We found that species of Larrea pollen specialist bees occurred at more sites and tended to be more abundant than generalists. Surprisingly, spatial turnover was high for both pollen specialist and generalist bee species at all distances, and species composition of samples from sites 1-5 km apart varied as much as repeat samples made at single sites. Nevertheless, the pattern of bee species turnover was not haphazard. As distance among sites increased faunal similarity of sites decreased. Faunal similarities among sites within 250 km of each other were generally greater than if randomly distributed over all sites (the null model). No single ecological category of species (widespread, localized, Larrea pollen specialist, floral generalist) accounted for this spatial predictability. Evidently, concordant local distribution patterns of many ecologically diverse species contribute to the non-random spatial pattern. The ecological dominance of creosote bush does not confer obvious ecological advantages to its specialist floral visitors. Spatial turnover is comparable to that found for bee guilds from other biogeographic regions of the world and is not therefore limited to those bee species that inhabit highly seasonal climates, such as deserts. Philopatry and differences in bloom predictability among sites are probably more important causes for spatial turnover of bee species than are interspecific competition for nest sites or floral resources},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, COEVOLUTION, COMPETITION, CONSTANCY, EVOLUTION, GUILD, LARREA, MODEL, OLIGOLECTY, PHENOLOGY, POLLEN, SPECIATION, STATISTICS},
	author = {Minckley,R.L. and Cane, J. H. and Kervin,L. and Roulston,T.H.}
}
@article {1608,
	title = {Origins and ecological consequences of pollen specialization among desert bees},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {267},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {265 - 271},
	abstract = {An understanding of the evolutionary origins of insect foraging specialization is often hindered by a poor biogeographical and palaeoecological record. The historical biogeography (20 000 years before present to the present) of the desert-limited plant, creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), is remarkably complete. This history coupled with the distribution pattern of its bee fauna suggests pollen specialization For creosote bush pollen has evolved repeatedly among bees in the Lower Sonoran and Mojave deserts. In these highly xeric, floristically depauperate environments, species of specialist bees surpass generalist bees in diversity, biomass and abundance. The ability of specialist bees to facultatively remain in diapause through resource-poor years and to emerge synchronously with host plant bloom in resource-rich years probably explains their ecological dominance and persistence in these areas. Repeated origins of pollen specialization to one host plant where bloom occurs least predictably is a counter-example to prevailing theories that postulate such traits originate where the plant grows best and blooms most reliably Host-plant synchronization, a paucity of alternative floral hosts, or flowering attributes of creosote bush alone or in concert may account for the diversity of bee specialists that depend on this plant instead of nutritional factors or chemical coevolution between floral rewards and the pollinators they have evolved to attract},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BIOGEOGRAPHY, COEVOLUTION, DIAPAUSE, DIVERSITY, EVOLUTION, FLOWERING, LARREA, OLIGOLECTY, PHENOLOGY, POLLEN, POLLINATOR, SPECIATION},
	author = {Minckley,R.L. and Cane, J. H. and Kervin,L.}
}
