@conference {1536,
	title = {The importance of native bees to rabbiteye blueberry pollination},
	booktitle = {Third Biennial Southeast Blueberry Conference},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986///},
	address = {Tifton, GA},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, APIDAE, APIS, BOMBUS, BUZZ POLLINATION, CONSERVATION, ERICACEAE, FRUIT PRODUCTION, FRUIT SET, HABROPODA, INCOMPLETE, OLIGOLECTY, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1537,
	title = {Searching for pollinators of Sericea lespedeza},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986///},
	keywords = {POLLINATOR},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Snyder,G.}
}
@article {1548,
	title = {Native bee pollinates rabbiteye blueberry},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990///},
	pages = {4},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, APIDAE, APIS, BOMBUS, ERICACEAE, FRUIT SET, HABROPODA, OLIGOLECTY, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Payne,J.A.}
}
@article {1544,
	title = {Novel pollen-harvesting behavior by the bee Protandrena mexicanorum (Hymenoptera:Andrenidae)},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	pages = {431 - 436},
	keywords = {ANDRENIDAE, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, OLIGOLECTY, POLLINATOR, SOLANACEAE},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Buchmann,S.L.}
}
@article {1541,
	title = {Foraging ecology of the bee Habropoda laboriosa (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae), an oligolege of blueberries (Ericaceae: Vaccinium) in the southeastern United States},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {81},
	year = {1988},
	month = {1988///},
	pages = {419 - 427},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, APIDAE, Apoidea, BUZZ POLLINATION, ECOLOGY, ERICACEAE, FLORAL REWARDS-NECTAR, FLORAL REWARDS-POLLEN, HABROPODA, OLIGOLECTY, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Payne,J.A.}
}
@article {1606,
	title = {Foraging by bee pollinators of cranberry},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993/07//},
	pages = {10,21 - 10,22},
	keywords = {APIS, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BOMBUS, CRANBERRIES, ERICACEAE, MEGACHILE, POLLINATOR, VISITATION RATE},
	author = {MacKenzie,K. and Cane, J. H. and Schiffhauer,D.}
}
@article {1555,
	title = {Honey bees harvest pollen from the porose anthers of cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon)(Ericaceae)},
	journal = {American Bee Journal},
	volume = {133},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {293 - 295},
	keywords = {APIDAE, APIS, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BUZZ POLLINATION, CRANBERRIES, ERICACEAE, FLORAL REWARDS-POLLEN, POLLEN, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and MacKenzie,K. and Schiffhauer,D.}
}
@article {1552,
	title = {Regional, annual and seasonal variation in pollinator guilds: intrinsic traits of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) underlie their patterns of abundance at Vaccinium ashei (Ericaceae)},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {86},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {577 - 588},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, APIDAE, APIS, Apoidea, BOMBUS, COMMUNITIES, ERICACEAE, GUILD, HABROPODA, OLIGOLECTY, PHENOLOGY, POLLINATOR, POLLINATOR LIMITATION, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI, VARIATION},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Payne,J.A.}
}
@article {1553,
	title = {Reproductive role of sterile pollen in Saurauia (Actinidiaceae), a cryptically dioecious neotropical tree},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {493 - 495},
	keywords = {ACTINIDIACEAE, BUZZ POLLINATION, DIOECY, FLORAL REWARDS-POLLEN, Meliponini, POLLEN, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, TREE, TROPICS},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1554,
	title = {Reproductive role of sterile pollen in cryptically dioecious species of flowering plants},
	volume = {65},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {223 - 225},
	abstract = {<p>Flowers of females from some species of dioecious flowering plants produce dysfunctional anthers or infertile pollen. Their cryptic dioecy has frequently been mistaken for androdioecy. Earlier insights into androdioecy were drawn from sexual allocation theory. However, several cryptically dioecious taxa share a common pollination syndrome, including nectarless but showy flowers that bear yellow, often porose anthers. These flowers are visited solely by female bees seeking pollen. For these cases, cryptic dioecy is explained by pollinator foraging behavior and not sexual allocation theory. Pollen as a nutritional reward to foraging bees is largely overlooked in current studies of pollination and foraging ecology</p>
},
	keywords = {ACTINIDIACEAE, ANDRODIOECY, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR, BUZZ POLLINATION, DIOECY, ECOLOGY, FLOWERING, POLLEN, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1601,
	title = {The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crops},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {8 - 17},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BAT POLLINATION, BIRD, CONSERVATION, HABITAT, HUMMINGBIRD, INSECTA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR},
	author = {ALlen-Wardell,G. and Bernhardt,P. and Bitner,R. and Burquez,A. and Buchmann,S. and Cane, J. H. and Cox,P. and Dalton,V. and Feinsinger,P. and Ingram,M. and Inouye,D. and Jone,C.E. and Kennedy,K. and Kevan,P. and Koopowitz,H. and Medellin,R. and Medellin-Morales,S. and Nabhan,G. and Pavlik,B. and Tepedino,V.J. and Torchio,P. and Walker,S.}
}
@article {1560,
	title = {Pollination, foraging, and nesting ecology of the leaf-cutting bee Megachile (Delomegachile) addenda (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) on cranberry beds},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {89},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {361 - 367},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-MATING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, BUZZ POLLINATION, CLEPTOPARASITE, CRANBERRIES, ECOLOGY, ERICACEAE, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, POLLEN LOAD- BEE, POLLEN LOAD- STIGMA, POLLEN PRODUCTION, POLLEN REMOVAL, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, SOIL, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Schiffhauer,D. and Kervin,L.J.}
}
@article {1615,
	title = {Squash and pumpkin pollinators plentiful in Alabama},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {19 - 20},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, Apoidea, CUCURBITACEAE, Halictidae, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Roulston,T. and Sampson,B. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1620,
	title = {Blue bees for blueberries?},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {12 - 3,15},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OLIGOLECTY, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI},
	author = {Sampson,B. and Cane, J. H. and Neff,J.}
}
@article {1566,
	title = {Sampling bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) for pollinator community studies: pitfalls of pan-trapping},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {225 - 231},
	abstract = {With the growing interest in pollinator conservation, a need has emerged for a simple. unbiased method to reliably sample local bee faunas. One method. pan-trapping, has increased in popularity without critical evaluation of its efficacy and biases. We compared traditional net collecting at flowers and pan trapping concurrently, sampling the local bee fauna of the dominant desert shrub. creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) growing at the Silver-bell site of the International Biosphere Program (IBP) nw of Tucson Arizona. pan-traps on the ground yielded a faunal sample depauperate in many of the more common native bee species on creosote bush, particularly its floral specialists. This pan-trap sample also corresponded poorly with the previous four years{\textquoteright} faunal samples at this site, with pairs of neighboring net-sampled sites throughout the Southwest. and with all pairs of bee samples from Larrea across the Upper Sonoran desert. The likely causes of this disparity and the utility of pan trapping for bees in faunal and community studies is discussed},
	keywords = {Apoidea, COMMUNITIES, CONSERVATION, DIVERSITY, GUILD, LARREA, METHODS, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Minckley,R.L. and Kervin,L.J.}
}
@article {1616,
	title = {What governs protein content of pollen: Pollinator preferences, pollen-pistil interactions, or phylogeny?},
	journal = {Ecol.Monog.},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {617 - 643},
	abstract = {Pollen ranges from 2.5\% to 61\% protein content. Most pollen proteins are likely to be enzymes that function during pollen tube growth and subsequent fertilization, but the vast range of protein quantity may not reflect only pollen-pistil interactions. Because numerous vertebrate and invertebrate floral visitors consume pollen for protein, protein content may influence floral host choice. Additionally, many floral visitors pollinate their host plants. If protein content influences pollinator visitation, then pollinators are hypothesized to select for increased protein content of host plants. We analyzed or gleaned from the literature crude pollen protein concentrations of 377 plant species from 93 plant families. Using this database, we compared pollen protein concentration with (1) pollination mode, (2) pollen collection by bees, and (3) distance from stigma to ovule, after accounting for phylogeny through paired phylogenetic comparisons and a nested ANOVA including taxonomic rank. We found that pollen protein concentrations were highly conserved within plant genera, families, and divisions. We found that bees did not collect pollen that was unusually rich in protein, whether they pollinated or merely robbed their host plant. Plant species with vibratile pollination systems, which require visitation by pollen-collecting bees in order to transfer pollen, tended to have very protein-rich pollen, but it was not clear whether this was due to plant enhancement of pollinator rewards or to the possession of very small pollen grains. We found that zoophilous species were not statistically richer in pollen protein than anemophilous species after accounting for phylogeny, although the three most species-rich anemophilous clades surveyed were generally poor in protein. Plant genera hosting specialist pollen-collecting bees did not have particularly protein-rich pollen. Both mass of protein per pollen grain and pollen grain volume were correlated with stigma-ovule distance. We suggest that the need for growing pollen tubes probably plays a more important role in determining pollen protein content than rewarding pollinators},
	keywords = {ANEMOPHILY, BUZZ POLLINATION, COEVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, PHYLOGENY, POLLEN, POLLEN TUBE, POLLEN-CHEMISTRY, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, PROTEIN, STIGMA, VARIATION},
	author = {Roulston,T.H. and Cane, J. H. and Buchmann,S.L.}
}
@article {1621,
	title = {Impact of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on flower, pollen, and nectar production},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {86},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {108 - 114},
	abstract = {Intensified ultraviolet-B radiation or UV-B (wavelengths between 280 and 320 nm) can delay flowering and diminish lifetime flower production in a few plants. Here we studied the effects of enhanced UV-B on floral traits crucial to pollination and pollinator reproduction. We observed simultaneous flowering responses of a new crop plant, Limnanthes alba (Limnathaceae), and a wildflower Phacelia campanularia (Hydrophyllaceae), to five lifetime UV-B dosages ranging between 2.74 and 15.93 kJ.m(-2).d(-1), Floral traits known to link plant pollination with bee host preference, host fidelity and larval development were measured. Intensified UV-B had no overall effect on nectar and pollen production of L. alba and P. campanularia flowers. A quadratic relationship between UV-B and nectar sugar production occurred in P. campanularia and showed that even subambient UV-B dosages can be deleterious for a floral trait. Other floral responses to UV-B were more dramatic and idiosyncratic. As UV-B dosage increased, L. alba plants were less likely to flower, but suffered no delays in flowering or reductions to lifetime flower production for those that did Bower. Conversely, an equal proportion of P. campanularia plants flowered under all UV-B treatments, but these same plants experienced delayed onset to bloom and produced fewer flowers at greater UV-B intensities. Therefore, intensified UV-B elicits idiosyncratic responses in flowering phenology and flower production from these two annual plants. Diurnal patterns in nectar and pollen production strongly coincided with fluctuating humidity and only weakly with UV-B dosage. Overall, our results indicated that intensified UVB can alter some flowering traits that impinge upon plant competition for pollinator services, as well as plant and pollinator reproductive success},
	keywords = {CLIMATE, COMPETITION, FLORAL DISPLAY, FLORAL REWARDS-NECTAR, FLORAL REWARDS-POLLEN, FLORAL TRAITS, FLORAL TRAITS-SIZE, FLOWER NUMBER, FLOWERING, HUMIDITY, HYDROPHYLLACEAE, NECTAR SECRETION, OSMIA, PHENOLOGY, POLLEN, POLLEN PRODUCTION, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, REPRODUCTION, SUGAR, ULTRAVIOLET, WEATHER},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1565,
	title = {Ground-nesting bees: the neglected pollinator resource for agriculture},
	booktitle = {Pollination: from theory to practice},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {309 - 324},
	publisher = {Acta Horticulturae},
	organization = {Acta Horticulturae},
	address = {Leiden},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CUCURBITACEAE, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Cane, J. H.},
	editor = {Richards,K.W.}
}
@article {1563,
	title = {Lifetime monetary value of individual pollinators: the bee Habropoda laboriosa at rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade)},
	volume = {446},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {67 - 70},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, ERICACEAE, FRUIT PRODUCTION, FRUIT SET, HABROPODA, LARVAL PROVISIONS, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1627,
	title = {Solitary bees in North American agriculture: a perspective},
	booktitle = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {41 - 66},
	publisher = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	organization = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	address = {Lanham, Maryland},
	abstract = {Author states that on page 50 and in table 2, prior to management of alfalfa leaf-cutting bees and alkali bees for US alfalfa seed production (beginning in the 1960{\textquoteright}s), growing was spread across entire northern tier of states. Acreage was vast (1.4 million acres) and yields were generally poor (135 lbs/acre). With pollination taken over using abundant managed M. rotundata and Nomia melanderi, production shifted to xeric regions of the Pacific Northwest (esp. Oregon, Washington and Idaho) and California. Overall production acreage shrank 6x to 250,000 acres because yields were improved to as much as 1,800 lbs per acre (my note...more realistically, the average grower in average year is getting more like 1100 pounds of clean seed per acre, but still, that is a 8x increase).},
	keywords = {EXOTIC, INCOMPLETE, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Stephen,W.P.},
	editor = {Strickler,K. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1570,
	title = {Pollinating bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) of U.S. alfalfa compared for rates of pod and seed set},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {22 - 27},
	abstract = {Alfalfa (=lucerne) flowers require visiting bees to trip the sexual column, thereby providing pollination and subsequent pod and seed set. Previous studies have compared the pollination values of different bee species solely by the speed with which they handle flowers and the proportion of visited flowers tripped. In this greenhouse study, five species of bees, including the three commercially managed U.S alfalfa pollinators, are likewise compared for their floral tripping frequencies. These bee species are also compared for the pod set and mature seed that results from their single visits to virgin flowers. Regardless of the identity of the pollinating bee, tripped flowers had the same probabilities of pod set and seed set. Thus, differences in the single-visit pollination efficiencies of the various bee species are entirely attributable to the proportion of visited flowers that they trip. Females of the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, and the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata F, tripped 81 and 78\% of visited flowers, respectively. Males of these species are significantly less effective (61 and 51\%, respectively), but still significantly superior to the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (22\% of visited flowers tripped). These relationships are supported by field data for tripping frequencies. One candidate pollinator, Osmia sanrafaelae Parker, shows promise (44\% tripped), but not the congeneric O. aglaia Sandhouse (13\% tripped)},
	keywords = {APIDAE, APIS, Apoidea, FABACEAE, FRUIT SET, Halictidae, MEDICAGO, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, SEED, SEED SET},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1567,
	title = {Causes and extent of declines among native North American invertebrate pollinators: Detection, evidence, and consequences},
	journal = {Conservation Ecology},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {17 - 26},
	abstract = {Ecosystem health and agricultural wealth in North America depend on a particular invertebrate fauna to deliver pollination services. Extensive losses in pollinator guilds and communities can disrupt ecosystem integrity, a circumstance that today forces most farmers to rely on honey bees for much fruit and seed production. Are North America{\textquoteright}s invertebrate pollinator faunas already widely diminished or currently threatened by human activities? How would we know, what are the spatiotemporal scales for detection, and which anthropogenic factors are responsible? Answers to these questions were considered by participants in a workshop sponsored by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis in October of 1999, and these questions form the nucleus for the papers in this special issue. Several contributors critically interpret the evidence for declines of bee and fly pollinators, the pollination deficits that should ensue, and their economic costs. Spatiotemporal unruliness in pollinator numbers, particularly bees, is shown to hinder our current insights, highlighting the need for refined survey and sampling designs. At the same time, two remarkable studies clearly show the long-term persistence of members of complex bee communities. Other authors offer new perspectives on habitat fragmentation and global warming as drivers of pollinator declines. Bees and lepidopterans are contrasted in terms of their natural genetic variation and their consequent resilience in the face of population declines. Overall, many ecologists and conservation biologists have not fully appreciated the daunting challenges that accompany sampling designs, taxonomy, and the natural history of bees, flies, and other invertebrate pollinators, a circumstance that must be remedied if we are to reliably monitor invertebrate pollinator populations and respond to their declines with effective conservation measures},
	keywords = {Apoidea, COMMUNITIES, CONSERVATION, FRAGMENTATION, GENETIC VARIATION, GUILD, HABITAT, INSECTA, LIFE HISTORY, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED, SEED PRODUCTION, taxonomy, VARIATION},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Tepedino,V.J.}
}
@article {1568,
	title = {Habitat fragmentation and native bees: a premature verdict?},
	journal = {Conservation Ecology},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {149 - 161},
	abstract = {Few studies directly address the consequences of habitat fragmentation for communities of pollinating insects, particularly for the key pollinator group, bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes). Bees typically live in habitats where nesting substrates and bloom are patchily distributed and spatially dissociated. Bee studies have all defined habitat fragments as remnant patches of floral hosts or forests, overlooking the nesting needs of bees. Several authors conclude that habitat fragmentation is broadly deleterious, but their own data show that some native species proliferate in sampled fragments. Other studies report greater densities and comparable diversities of native bees at flowers in some fragment size classes relative to undisrupted habitats, but find dramatic shifts in species composition. Insightful studies of habitat fragmentation and bees will consider fragmentation, alteration, and loss of nesting habitats, not just patches of forage plants, as well as the permeability of the surrounding matrix to interpatch movement. Inasmuch as the floral associations and nesting habits of bees are often attributes of species or subgenera, ecological interpretations hinge on authoritative identifications. Study designs must accommodate statistical problems associated with bee community samples, especially non-normal data and frequent zero values. The spatial scale of fragmentation must be appreciated: bees of medium body size can regularly fly 1-2 km from nest site to forage patch. Overall, evidence for prolonged persistence of substantial diversity and abundances of native bee communities in habitat fragments of modest size promises practical solutions for maintaining bee populations. Provided that reserve selection, design, and management can address the foraging and nesting needs of bees, networks of even small reserves may hold hope for sustaining considerable pollinator diversity and the ecological services pollinators provide},
	keywords = {Apoidea, COMMUNITIES, CONSERVATION, DENSITY, DIVERSITY, FRAGMENTATION, HABITAT, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SELECTION, SIZE},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1569,
	title = {Pollinator genetics and pollination: do honey bee colonies selected for pollen-hoarding field better pollinators of cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon?},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {117 - 123},
	abstract = {1. Genetic polymorphisms of flowering plants can influence pollinator foraging but it is not known whether heritable foraging polymorphisms of pollinators influence their pollination efficacies. Honey bees Apis mellifera L. visit cranberry flowers for nectar but rarely for pollen when alternative preferred flowers grow nearby. 2. Cranberry flowers visited once by pollen-foraging honey bees received fourfold more stigmatic pollen than flowers visited by mere nectar-foragers (excluding nectar thieves). Manual greenhouse pollinations with fixed numbers of pollen tetrads (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32) achieved maximal fruit set with just eight pollen tetrads. Pollen-foraging honey bees yielded a calculated 63\% more berries than equal numbers of non-thieving nectar-foragers, even though both classes of forager made stigmatic contact. 3. Colonies headed by queens of a pollen-hoarding genotype fielded significantly more pollen-foraging trips than standard commercial genotypes, as did hives fitted with permanently engaged pollen traps or colonies containing more larvae. Pollen-hoarding colonies together brought back twice as many cranberry pollen loads as control colonies, which was marginally significant despite marked daily variation in the proportion of collected pollen that was cranberry. 4. Caloric supplementation of matched, paired colonies failed to enhance pollen foraging despite the meagre nectar yields of individual cranberry flowers. 5. Heritable behavioural polymorphisms of the honey bee, such as pollen-hoarding, can enhance fruit and seed set by a floral host (e.g. cranberry), but only if more preferred pollen hosts are absent or rare. Otherwise, honey bees{\textquoteright} broad polylecty, flight range, and daily idiosyncrasies in floral fidelity will obscure specific pollen-foraging differences at a given floral host, even among paired colonies in a seemingly uniform agricultural setting},
	keywords = {APIDAE, APIS, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, CRANBERRIES, ERICACEAE, FLIGHT, FLORAL REWARDS-POLLEN, FLOWERING, FRUIT SET, FRUIT SIZE, GENETICS, LARVAE, POLLEN, POLLEN LOAD- STIGMA, POLLEN TRAP, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, POLYLECTY, POLYMORPHISM, SEED, SEED SET, TRAP, VACCINIUM, VARIATION},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Schiffhauer,D.}
}
@article {1608,
	title = {Origins and ecological consequences of pollen specialization among desert bees},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {267},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {265 - 271},
	abstract = {An understanding of the evolutionary origins of insect foraging specialization is often hindered by a poor biogeographical and palaeoecological record. The historical biogeography (20 000 years before present to the present) of the desert-limited plant, creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), is remarkably complete. This history coupled with the distribution pattern of its bee fauna suggests pollen specialization For creosote bush pollen has evolved repeatedly among bees in the Lower Sonoran and Mojave deserts. In these highly xeric, floristically depauperate environments, species of specialist bees surpass generalist bees in diversity, biomass and abundance. The ability of specialist bees to facultatively remain in diapause through resource-poor years and to emerge synchronously with host plant bloom in resource-rich years probably explains their ecological dominance and persistence in these areas. Repeated origins of pollen specialization to one host plant where bloom occurs least predictably is a counter-example to prevailing theories that postulate such traits originate where the plant grows best and blooms most reliably Host-plant synchronization, a paucity of alternative floral hosts, or flowering attributes of creosote bush alone or in concert may account for the diversity of bee specialists that depend on this plant instead of nutritional factors or chemical coevolution between floral rewards and the pollinators they have evolved to attract},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BIOGEOGRAPHY, COEVOLUTION, DIAPAUSE, DIVERSITY, EVOLUTION, FLOWERING, LARREA, OLIGOLECTY, PHENOLOGY, POLLEN, POLLINATOR, SPECIATION},
	author = {Minckley,R.L. and Cane, J. H. and Kervin,L.}
}
@article {1617,
	title = {Pollen nutritional content and digestibility for animals},
	journal = {Plant Systematics and Evolution},
	volume = {222},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {187 - 209},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the literature concerning digestion and nutrient content of pollen. Four topics are addressed in detail: 1) The mechanism of pollen digestion by animals; 2) The efficiency of mechanical and digestive removal of pollen content by various animals: 3) Range and taxonomic distribution of pollen nutrients, and 4) Adaptive hypotheses proposed to associate pollen chemistry with pollinator reward. Studies on the mechanism(s) of pollen digestion remain inconclusive, but suggest that differences in digestibility among pollen types may reflect differences in pollen wall porosity, thickness, and composition. Although hummingbirds reportedly digest pollen very poorly, most animals studied, including those that do not regularly consume pollen, can digest 50-100\% of ingested grains. Overlooked and recent research of pollen protein content shows that pollen grains may contain over 60\% protein, double the amount cited in some studies of pollen-feeding animals. Adaptive hypotheses that associate pollen starch and pollen caloric content with pollinator reward remain unsubstantiated when critically viewed through the lens of phylogeny},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BATS, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BIRD, DIGESTION, HUMMINGBIRD, PHYLOGENY, POLLEN, POLLEN- ANALYSIS, POLLEN-CHEMISTRY, POLLINATOR, PROTEIN, SUGAR},
	author = {Roulston,T.H. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1622,
	title = {Pollination efficiencies of three bee (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) species visiting rabbiteye blueberry},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1726 - 1731},
	abstract = {Inadequate bee pollination limits rabbiteye blueberry, Vaccinium ashei Reade, production in the some areas of the southeastern United States. Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., are currently the only manageable pollinators available for pollinating V. ashei. However, a new adaptable pollinator for rabbiteye blueberry, Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, was successfully reared and flown in captivity. The bee nested successfully in wooden shelters and conferred superior fruit set to 2-yr-old potted, rabbiteye blueberry bushes. Pollination efficiency or the percentage of blueberry flowers to set fruit after being visited once by a female O. ribifloris was comparable to that of the female blueberry bee Habropoda laboriosa (F.) and worker honey bees. Interestingly, honey bees ante thought to be inefficient pollinators of rabbiteye blueberry were found to be very efficient, especially for {\textquoteright}Climax{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}Premier{\textquoteright} flowers},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, APIDAE, APIS, Apoidea, BOMBUS, FRUIT SET, HABROPODA, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1629,
	title = {Bumble bees: commercial use and environmental concerns},
	booktitle = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {21 - 40},
	publisher = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	organization = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	address = {Lanham, Maryland},
	keywords = {BOMBUS, CONSERVATION, EXOTIC, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Thorp,R.W.},
	editor = {Strickler,K. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1633,
	title = {Comparing pollinator quality of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and native bees using pollen removal and deposition measures},
	booktitle = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {163 - 180},
	publisher = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	organization = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	address = {Lanham, Maryland},
	keywords = {APIDAE, APIS, Apoidea, EXOTIC, POLLEN, POLLEN LOAD- STIGMA, POLLEN REMOVAL, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Williams,N.M. and Thomson,J.D.},
	editor = {Strickler,K. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1630,
	title = {The development of Osmia lignaria Say (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as a managed pollinator of apple and almond crops: a case study},
	booktitle = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {67 - 84},
	publisher = {Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America},
	organization = {Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America},
	address = {Lanham, MD},
	keywords = {ALMOND, FRUIT PRODUCTION, HYMENOPTERAN, Megachilidae, OSMIA, PARASITE, PARASITISM, POLLINATOR, ROSACEAE, TEMPERATURE},
	author = {Torchio,P.F.},
	editor = {Strickler,K.V. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1571,
	title = {Dose-response relationships between pollination and fruiting refine pollinator comparisons for cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon [Ericaceae])},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {1425 - 1432},
	abstract = {Comparisons of pollinator efficacy using pollen received on stigmas can be refined by incorporating experimental dose-response relationships for pollen deposition and fruiting responses. A range of discrete pollen doses applied to cranberry stigmas resulted in decelerating curvilinear responses for fruiting, berry size, and seed set. Minimum thresholds and maximum asymptotes bounded reproductive responses to incremental stigmatic pollen loads. Four bee species were compared for their pollination efficacies on commercial cranberries. using counts of pollen received by stigmas during single bee visits to previously virgin flowers. Differences between these bee species were found to be exaggerated when raw pollen counts were used for comparison because foragers of some species often delivered pollen in excess of that needed to maximize fruit and seed production. Sixfold differences between species in mean pollen deposition translated into 1.5-2-fold differences in predicted cranberry fruit set and size. Implications for pollen tube competition and agricultural production are discussed},
	keywords = {APIS, Apoidea, BOMBUS, COMPETITION, CRANBERRIES, ERICACEAE, FRUIT PRODUCTION, FRUIT SET, FRUIT SIZE, POLLEN, POLLEN LOAD- STIGMA, POLLEN TUBE, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATION INTENSITY, POLLINATOR, SEED, SEED PRODUCTION, SEED SET, SIZE, STIGMA, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Schiffhauer,D.}
}
@inbook {1572,
	title = {Exotic non-social bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in North America: Ecological implications},
	booktitle = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {113 - 126},
	publisher = {Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America},
	organization = {Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America},
	address = {Lanham, MD},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BIOGEOGRAPHY, COMPETITION, CONSERVATION, EXOTIC, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Cane, J. H.},
	editor = {Strickler,K.V. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@book {1628,
	title = {For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {- 204},
	publisher = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	organization = {Entomol. Soc. Amer.},
	address = {Lanham, Maryland},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BOMBUS, COMPETITION, CONSERVATION, EXOTIC, Halictidae, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, NOMIA, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, RESOURCE LIMITATION},
	author = {Strickler,K. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1576,
	title = {Pollination needs of arrowleaf balsamroot, Balsamorhiza sagittata (Heliantheae: Asteraceae)},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	note = {J
JUL},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {359 - 364},
	abstract = {Arrowleaf balsamroot, Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt, is a common, sometimes dominant, long-lived forb that flowers early in spring from the foothills to upper-montane areas of the northern Rocky Mountains and Intermountain West. Public land managers desire its seed for rangeland rehabilitation. Through manual pollination field trials, the species was found to have a mixed pollination system. It is primarily xenogamous (46\% of ovules yielded plump achenes) but partially self-compatible (31\% of achenes were plump). Unvisited flower heads formed virtually no mature achenes; only plump achenes contained seeds with endosperm. Freely visited flower heads in 2 populations produced as many achenes as manual outcross pollinations of flower heads, suggesting that seed production was not pollinator limited. Two species of Osmia bees rely mostly on Balsamorhiza and its close relative, Wyethia, for pollen. At least 165 females per hectare will need to be stocked to achieve thorough flower visitation in cultivated seed production fields},
	keywords = {ASTERACEAE, BALSAMORHIZA, OSMIA, OUTCROSSING, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED SET, SELF-COMPATIBILITY},
	url = {ISI:000231102200007},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1575,
	title = {Temporally persistent patterns of incidence and abundance in a pollinator guild at annual and decadal scales: the bees of Larrea tridentata},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, London},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {319 - 329},
	abstract = {A recent alternative model to conventional coevolution, the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution, posits that reciprocal selection is episodic and local, rather than persistent and spatially extensive. However, little empirical evidence addresses this model{\textquoteright}s tenets, in particular the temporal stability of local plant-pollinator interactions. We evaluated this tenet using the richly diverse guild of bees at creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), a generalist plant that hosts many specialist bees. We systematically resampled over 2-5 years at 11 sites across the south-western USA. Incidence and abundance also were compared for survey sites sampled 20 2 years earlier. Average Morisita-Horn faunal similarities of local bee guilds was 87\% for sequential years and 36\% after 20 years. Similarities in taxonomic composition of resampled local bee guilds could be statistically represented as a random assemblage drawn from the regional source pool of 54-68 bee species that could be expected at Larrea, weighted by regional abundance. At every site, only the minority of abundant bee species was typically persistent in local guilds, even after > 20 years. Most bee species in the Larrea guild were chronically uncommon, geographically sporadic and temporally unpredictable, attributes that render them numerically inconsequential as pollinators in their local guild. Persistence among abundant bee species in local pollinator assemblages satisfies one condition by which reciprocal selection could act locally. The well-being of these more abundant core species, and not bee diversity per se, may better characterize the health of such plant-pollinator associations.},
	keywords = {Apoidea, COMMUNITIES, ECOLOGY-HISTORICAL, GUILD, LARREA, POLLINATOR, VARIATION},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Minckley,R. and Kervin,L. and Roulston,T.}
}
@article {1623,
	title = {Screenhouse evaluations of a mason bee Osmia ribifloris (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as a pollinator of blueberries in the southeastern United States},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {381 - 392},
	keywords = {Apoidea, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI, VARIATION},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Stringer,S.J. and Cane, J. H. and Spiers,J.M.}
}
@article {1624,
	title = {Foraging behavior, pollinator effectiveness, and management potential of the new world squash bees Peponapis pruinosa and Xenoglossa strenua (Apidae: Eucerini)},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {459 - 459},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, CUCURBITACEAE, OLIGOLECTY, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR},
	url = {ISI:000246456600143},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Knight,P.R. and Cane, J. H. and Spiers,J.M.}
}
@article {1599,
	title = {Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {274},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {303 - 313},
	abstract = {The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. However, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective, since 60\% of global production comes from crops that do not depend on animal pollination, 35\% from crops that depend on pollinators, and 5\% are unevaluated. Using all crops traded on the world market and setting aside crops that are solely passively self-pollinated, wind-pollinated or parthenocarpic, we then evaluated the level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination for crops that are directly consumed by humans. We found that pollinators are essential for 13 crops, production is highly pollinator dependent for 30, moderately for 27, slightly for 21, unimportant for 7, and is of unknown significance for the remaining 9. We further evaluated whether local and landscape-wide management for natural pollination services could help to sustain crop diversity and production. Case studies for nine crops on four continents revealed that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services at the landscape scale.},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, DIVERSITY, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED, SEED PRODUCTION},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721},
	author = {Klein,A.M. and Vassiere,B.E. and Cane, J. H. and Steffan-Dewenter,I. and Cunningham,S. and Kremen,C. and Tscharntke,T.}
}
@article {1588,
	title = {A native ground-nesting bee (Nomia melanderi) sustainably managed to pollinate alfalfa across an intensively agricultural landscape},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/05//},
	pages = {315 - 323},
	abstract = {The world{\textquoteright}s only intensively managed ground-nesting bee, the alkali bee (Nomia melanderi Cockerell), has been used for >50 years as an effective pollinator of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown for seed in the western USA. Across a 240 km(2) watershed in Washington, the 24 most populous of 56 nest sites found were annually surveyed for nesting bees for 8 years. Alkali bees multiplied 9-fold to 17 million females, the largest reported metapopulation of non-social bees. Several sites have remained populous for an unprecedented 50 years. The most populous nesting bed (1.5 ha) grew to 5.3 million nesting females (median = 278 nests/m(2)), the largest bee nesting aggregation ever recorded. This first-ever exhaustive landscape-level survey for any non-social bee reveals that even amid intensive conventional agriculture, a native bee can sustainably multiply to vast numbers, its nesting aggregations persisting for decades},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR, Halictidae, Megachilidae, NOMIA, POLLINATOR, SEED, SOIL},
	isbn = {0044-8435},
	url = {ISI:000256154100004},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1585,
	title = {Pollinating bees crucial to farming wildflower seed for U.S. habitat restoration},
	booktitle = {Bees in Agricultural Ecosystems},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {48 - 64},
	publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
	organization = {Oxford Univ. Press},
	address = {NY},
	keywords = {APIS, Apoidea, BOMBUS, CONSERVATION, DISEASE, HABITAT, MEGACHILE, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED},
	author = {Cane, J. H.},
	editor = {James,R.R. and Pitts-Singer,T.L.}
}
@article {1625,
	title = {Biology and management potential for three orchard bee species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, O. lignaria (Say) and O. chalybea Smith, with emphasis on the former},
	volume = {810},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {549 - 556},
	abstract = {What follows is comprehensive information on the biology and techniques for propagating select species of orchard bees for blueberry pollination, especially Osmia ribifloris Cockerell. Before we introduce O. ribifloris or any other bee species to a blueberry farm commercially, we must rear enough adults for field-scale release, design cheaper, lightweight nesting materials and increase grower awareness of the bee{\textquoteright}s value. We hope that by delivering reproductively viable bees onto farms, berry producers will gain a secondary source of revenue from selling surplus Osmia cocoons and nesting supplies. The results we present here represent 14 years of rearing orchard bees in the Deep South (Alabama and Mississippi), and should apply to blueberry growing regions west of the Mississippi River where one of the bee species, Osmia ribifloris, is endemic (e.g., Texas, California and Oregon). We also discuss some ecological, physiological and genetic costs of keeping a small pollinator population in captivity for almost a decade.},
	keywords = {ASTERACEAE, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, LIFE HISTORY, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Cane, J. H. and Kirker,G.T. and Stringer,S.J. and Spiers,J.M.}
}
@article {1600,
	title = {Visiting bees of Cucurbita flowers (Cucurbitaceae) with emphasis on the presence of Peponapis fervens Smith (Eucerini _ Apidae) _ Santa Catarina, southern Brasil},
	journal = {Oecologia Australis},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {128 - 139},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, CUCURBITACEAE, DIVERSITY, GUILD, OLIGOLECTY, Peponapis, POLLINATOR, TROPICS},
	author = {Krug,C. and Alves dos Santos,I. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1614,
	title = {The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata: The world{\textquoteright}s most intensively managed solitary bee},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2011},
	note = {doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144836},
	month = {2011/12/06/},
	pages = {221 - 237},
	abstract = {The alfalfa leafcutting bee (ALCB), Megachile rotundata F. (Megachildae), was accidentally introduced into the United States by the 1940s. Nest management of this Eurasian nonsocial pollinator transformed the alfalfa seed industry in North America, tripling seed production. The most common ALCB management practice is the loose cell system, in which cocooned bees are removed from nesting cavities for cleaning and storage. Traits of ALCBs that favored their commercialization include gregarious nesting; use of leaves for lining nests; ready acceptance of affordable, mass-produced nesting materials; alfalfa pollination efficacy; and emergence synchrony with alfalfa bloom. The ALCB became a commercial success because much of its natural history was understood, targeted research was pursued, and producer ingenuity was encouraged. The ALCB presents a model system for commercializing other solitary bees and for advancing new testable hypotheses in diverse biological disciplines},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, DISEASE, EXOTIC, FABACEAE, MEDICAGO, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, REPRODUCTION},
	isbn = {0066-4170},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144836},
	author = {Pitts-Singer,T.L. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1631,
	title = {Breeding biology of the threadstalk milkvetch, Astragalus filipes (Fabaceae), with a review of the genus},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {165},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {225 - 240},
	abstract = {Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is an enormous and diverse plant genus with a cosmopolitan distribution, but relatively few breeding biologies are known for its member species. Threadstalk (or basalt) milkvetch, Astragalus filipes Torrey ex. A. Gray, is common and widespread throughout the US Intermountain West, including the Great Basin. It is being studied and ultimately propagated for extensive rangeland restoration projects throughout the sagebrush steppe. Understanding the breeding biology of A. filipes will be necessary for reliable and consistent commercial seed production with this species. We examined reproductive output from four manual pollination treatments (autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy and distant xenogamy) in a common garden. As measures of fitness, we counted fruit and seed set, then germinated viable seeds, to assess reproductive output. This species is weakly self compatible; xenogamous pollen transfer results in nine times more seed per pollination. Pollen transfer between geographically distant seed accessions resulted in a decrease in seed germination, but no difference in fruit or seed set. Cross pollination by bees will be necessary for copious seed production by this species. In the wild, flowers of A. filipes are visited most commonly and ubiquitously by a diversity of Osmia bee species plus several bee species each of Eucera, Anthidium, Bombus and sometimes Hoplitis.},
	keywords = {ASTRAGALUS, BOMBUS, FABACEAE, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OSMIA, OUTCROSSING, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED PRODUCTION, SEED SET, SELF-COMPATIBILITY},
	author = {Watrous,K.W. and Cane, J. H.}
}
