@article {1571,
	title = {Dose-response relationships between pollination and fruiting refine pollinator comparisons for cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon [Ericaceae])},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {1425 - 1432},
	abstract = {Comparisons of pollinator efficacy using pollen received on stigmas can be refined by incorporating experimental dose-response relationships for pollen deposition and fruiting responses. A range of discrete pollen doses applied to cranberry stigmas resulted in decelerating curvilinear responses for fruiting, berry size, and seed set. Minimum thresholds and maximum asymptotes bounded reproductive responses to incremental stigmatic pollen loads. Four bee species were compared for their pollination efficacies on commercial cranberries. using counts of pollen received by stigmas during single bee visits to previously virgin flowers. Differences between these bee species were found to be exaggerated when raw pollen counts were used for comparison because foragers of some species often delivered pollen in excess of that needed to maximize fruit and seed production. Sixfold differences between species in mean pollen deposition translated into 1.5-2-fold differences in predicted cranberry fruit set and size. Implications for pollen tube competition and agricultural production are discussed},
	keywords = {APIS, Apoidea, BOMBUS, COMPETITION, CRANBERRIES, ERICACEAE, FRUIT PRODUCTION, FRUIT SET, FRUIT SIZE, POLLEN, POLLEN LOAD- STIGMA, POLLEN TUBE, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATION INTENSITY, POLLINATOR, SEED, SEED PRODUCTION, SEED SET, SIZE, STIGMA, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Schiffhauer,D.}
}
@article {1631,
	title = {Breeding biology of the threadstalk milkvetch, Astragalus filipes (Fabaceae), with a review of the genus},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {165},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {225 - 240},
	abstract = {Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is an enormous and diverse plant genus with a cosmopolitan distribution, but relatively few breeding biologies are known for its member species. Threadstalk (or basalt) milkvetch, Astragalus filipes Torrey ex. A. Gray, is common and widespread throughout the US Intermountain West, including the Great Basin. It is being studied and ultimately propagated for extensive rangeland restoration projects throughout the sagebrush steppe. Understanding the breeding biology of A. filipes will be necessary for reliable and consistent commercial seed production with this species. We examined reproductive output from four manual pollination treatments (autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy and distant xenogamy) in a common garden. As measures of fitness, we counted fruit and seed set, then germinated viable seeds, to assess reproductive output. This species is weakly self compatible; xenogamous pollen transfer results in nine times more seed per pollination. Pollen transfer between geographically distant seed accessions resulted in a decrease in seed germination, but no difference in fruit or seed set. Cross pollination by bees will be necessary for copious seed production by this species. In the wild, flowers of A. filipes are visited most commonly and ubiquitously by a diversity of Osmia bee species plus several bee species each of Eucera, Anthidium, Bombus and sometimes Hoplitis.},
	keywords = {ASTRAGALUS, BOMBUS, FABACEAE, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OSMIA, OUTCROSSING, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED PRODUCTION, SEED SET, SELF-COMPATIBILITY},
	author = {Watrous,K.W. and Cane, J. H.}
}
