@article {1576,
	title = {Pollination needs of arrowleaf balsamroot, Balsamorhiza sagittata (Heliantheae: Asteraceae)},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	note = {J
JUL},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {359 - 364},
	abstract = {Arrowleaf balsamroot, Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt, is a common, sometimes dominant, long-lived forb that flowers early in spring from the foothills to upper-montane areas of the northern Rocky Mountains and Intermountain West. Public land managers desire its seed for rangeland rehabilitation. Through manual pollination field trials, the species was found to have a mixed pollination system. It is primarily xenogamous (46\% of ovules yielded plump achenes) but partially self-compatible (31\% of achenes were plump). Unvisited flower heads formed virtually no mature achenes; only plump achenes contained seeds with endosperm. Freely visited flower heads in 2 populations produced as many achenes as manual outcross pollinations of flower heads, suggesting that seed production was not pollinator limited. Two species of Osmia bees rely mostly on Balsamorhiza and its close relative, Wyethia, for pollen. At least 165 females per hectare will need to be stocked to achieve thorough flower visitation in cultivated seed production fields},
	keywords = {ASTERACEAE, BALSAMORHIZA, OSMIA, OUTCROSSING, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED SET, SELF-COMPATIBILITY},
	url = {ISI:000231102200007},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1580,
	title = {An evaluation of pollination mechanisms for purple prairie-clover, Dalea purpurea (Fabaceae: Amorpheae)},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {156},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {193 - 197},
	abstract = {Purple prairie-clover (Dalea purpurea Ventenat) is a common perennial forb that flowers during mid-summer throughout the Great Plains and adjacent biomes. Seed of D. purpurea is used for prairie restoration. This study characterizes the reproductive biology of D. purpurea. Manual pollination field trials showed that D. purpurea has a mixed pollination system. It is primarily xenogamous (45\% of flowers manually pollinated with outcross pollen yielded plump seeds) but partially self-compatible (19\% of selfed flowers yielded seeds). Flowers neither visited by bees nor manually pollinated rarely yielded mature seed (0-6\% of flowers). A review of extensive bee community surveys from sites with prairie wildflower communities revealed that D. purpurea attracts a rich and diverse native bee fauna. Managed agricultural pollinators (Apis mellifera, Megachile rotundata) also work its flowers for pollen and nectar, yielding >20,000 seeds per plant. These observations bode well both for pollinating D. purpurea in small commercial seed fields as well as for its value for sustaining native pollinator faunas in prairie restorations.},
	keywords = {FABACEAE, OUTCROSSING, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, SEED SET, SELF-COMPATIBILITY},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1584,
	title = {Breeding biologies, seed production and species-rich bee guilds of Cleome lutea and Cleome serrulata (Cleomaceae)},
	journal = {Plant Species Biology},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/12//},
	pages = {152 - 158},
	abstract = {The summer-blooming annual forbs Cleome lutea and Cleome serrulata (Cleomaceae) are native across the US Intermountain West and Rocky Mountains, respectively. Their farmed seed is sought to help rehabilitate western rangelands in those regions. This study of the reproductive biologies and pollinator faunas of C. lutea and C. serrulata is the first for this cosmopolitan family, the sister family to the Brassicaceae. Unlike the S-allele self-incompatibility systems of some Brassicaceae, both species of Cleome were found to be self-fertile and capable of some autogamy. Compared with selfing, outcrossing did not enhance seed set, seed viability or seedling vigor for either species (in fact, selfed progeny were more robust). Large, openly visited plants yielded > 20 000 seeds each. Like several species of the sister family Capparaceae, flowers of both species first shed their pollen, secreted nectar and became receptive nocturnally. Although no nocturnal visitors were found, both Cleome species attracted a diverse array of diurnal native bees, wasps and butterflies. Among the many floral generalist bees that work Cleome flowers for pollen and nectar are two managed agricultural pollinators, Apis mellifera and Megachile rotundata. These observations bode well for pollinating C. lutea and C. serrulata in small commercial seed fields. It appears that diverse wild bees would benefit from the addition of native Cleome to restoration seed mixes, with the objective of sustaining native pollinator faunas during the first few years of postfire plant community rehabilitation},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BRASSICACEAE, CLEOMACEAE, FLOWER NUMBER, FLOWERING, PHENOLOGY, POLLINATION, SEED PRODUCTION, SELF-COMPATIBILITY},
	isbn = {0913-557X},
	url = {ISI:000260724200002},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1631,
	title = {Breeding biology of the threadstalk milkvetch, Astragalus filipes (Fabaceae), with a review of the genus},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {165},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {225 - 240},
	abstract = {Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is an enormous and diverse plant genus with a cosmopolitan distribution, but relatively few breeding biologies are known for its member species. Threadstalk (or basalt) milkvetch, Astragalus filipes Torrey ex. A. Gray, is common and widespread throughout the US Intermountain West, including the Great Basin. It is being studied and ultimately propagated for extensive rangeland restoration projects throughout the sagebrush steppe. Understanding the breeding biology of A. filipes will be necessary for reliable and consistent commercial seed production with this species. We examined reproductive output from four manual pollination treatments (autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy and distant xenogamy) in a common garden. As measures of fitness, we counted fruit and seed set, then germinated viable seeds, to assess reproductive output. This species is weakly self compatible; xenogamous pollen transfer results in nine times more seed per pollination. Pollen transfer between geographically distant seed accessions resulted in a decrease in seed germination, but no difference in fruit or seed set. Cross pollination by bees will be necessary for copious seed production by this species. In the wild, flowers of A. filipes are visited most commonly and ubiquitously by a diversity of Osmia bee species plus several bee species each of Eucera, Anthidium, Bombus and sometimes Hoplitis.},
	keywords = {ASTRAGALUS, BOMBUS, FABACEAE, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OSMIA, OUTCROSSING, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, SEED PRODUCTION, SEED SET, SELF-COMPATIBILITY},
	author = {Watrous,K.W. and Cane, J. H.}
}
