@article {1522,
	title = {Dufour{\textquoteright}s gland secretion in the cell linings of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981///},
	pages = {403 - 410},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CHEMICAL ECOLOGY, DUFOUR{\textquoteright}S GLAND, NEST LINING},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1612,
	title = {Host records and nest entry by Dolichostelis, a kleptoparasitic anthidiine bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Pan-Pacific Entomologist},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	pages = {172 - 177},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CLEPTOPARASITE, Megachilidae},
	author = {Parker, F. D. and Cane, J. H. and Frankie,G.W. and Vinson,S.B.}
}
@article {1605,
	title = {Male competition and mating behavior within mating aggregations of Glenostictia satan Gillaspy (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {60},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	pages = {264 - 272},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-MATING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, COMPETITION, HYMENOPTERAN, SPHECIDAE},
	author = {Longair,R.W. and Cane, J. H. and Elliott,L.}
}
@article {1517,
	title = {Origin and chemistry of the secreted nest entrance lining of Halictus hesperus (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1984},
	month = {1984///},
	pages = {161 - 165},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, DUFOUR{\textquoteright}S GLAND, Halictidae, NEST LINING},
	author = {Brooks,R.W. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1529,
	title = {Olfactory evaluation of Andrena host nest suitability by kleptoparasitic Nomada bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1983},
	month = {1983///},
	pages = {138 - 144},
	keywords = {ANDRENIDAE, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, BEHAVIOR-ORIENTATION, CLEPTOPARASITE, NEST SUITABILITY},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1543,
	title = {Nesting biology notes for Perdita (Alloperdita) bradleyi Viereck (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {62},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	pages = {140 - 143},
	keywords = {ANDRENIDAE, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CLEPTOPARASITE, Halictidae, LIFE HISTORY, PHENOLOGY, SOIL},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1596,
	title = {Nest cell lining of the solitary bee Hylaeus bisinuatus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	pages = {414 - 416},
	abstract = {The nest cell lining of Hylaeus bisinuatus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) was shown by high-resolution solid-state [C-13]NMR to be composed of lipid polymer and protein. The lipid polymer was shown by reduction and subsequent GC/MS analysis to be comprised of omega-hydroxy fatty acids (C20, C22, C24 and C26) and fatty alcohols (C-16 to C30). The protein portion of the lining had a silk-like amino acid composition},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, COLLETIDAE, DUFOUR{\textquoteright}S GLAND, NEST LINING, PROTEIN, SYSTEMATICS-CHEMICAL},
	author = {Espelie,K.E. and Cane, J. H. and Himmelsbach,D.S.}
}
@article {1549,
	title = {Soils of ground-nesting bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea): texture, moisture, cell depth and climate},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991///},
	pages = {406 - 413},
	abstract = {32 species of ground-nesting bees},
	keywords = {ANDRENIDAE, ANTHOPHORIDAE, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CLIMATE, COLLETIDAE, ECOLOGY, Halictidae, Megachilidae, MELITTIDAE, SOIL},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1632,
	title = {Floral resource utilization by solitary bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) and exploitation of their stored foods by natural enemies},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {195 - 224},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CLEPTOPARASITE, COEVOLUTION, FLORAL MORPHOLOGY, FLORAL REWARDS-NECTAR, FLORAL REWARDS-OILS, FLORAL REWARDS-POLLEN, OLIGOLECTY, PARASITISM, PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTION, PREDATION},
	author = {Wcislo,W.T. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1559,
	title = {Nesting resins obtained from Larrea pollen host by an oligolectic bee, Trachusa larreae (Cockerell) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {99 - 102},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, LARREA, Megachilidae, NEST LINING, OLIGOLECTY, POLLEN, RESIN/SAP, Trachusa},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1560,
	title = {Pollination, foraging, and nesting ecology of the leaf-cutting bee Megachile (Delomegachile) addenda (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) on cranberry beds},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {89},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {361 - 367},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-MATING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, BUZZ POLLINATION, CLEPTOPARASITE, CRANBERRIES, ECOLOGY, ERICACEAE, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, POLLEN LOAD- BEE, POLLEN LOAD- STIGMA, POLLEN PRODUCTION, POLLEN REMOVAL, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, SOIL, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Schiffhauer,D. and Kervin,L.J.}
}
@article {1620,
	title = {Blue bees for blueberries?},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {12 - 3,15},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, FRUIT SET, Megachilidae, OLIGOLECTY, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI},
	author = {Sampson,B. and Cane, J. H. and Neff,J.}
}
@article {1558,
	title = {Notes on the nesting biology of Svastra atripes (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {68},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {238 - 240},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CLEPTOPARASITE, LIFE HISTORY},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1556,
	title = {Nesting biology and mating behavior of the Southeastern blueberry bee, Habropoda laboriosa (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {67},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {236 - 241},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR, BEHAVIOR-MATING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, HABROPODA, LIFE HISTORY, SOIL, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1565,
	title = {Ground-nesting bees: the neglected pollinator resource for agriculture},
	booktitle = {Pollination: from theory to practice},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {309 - 324},
	publisher = {Acta Horticulturae},
	organization = {Acta Horticulturae},
	address = {Leiden},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CUCURBITACEAE, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR},
	author = {Cane, J. H.},
	editor = {Richards,K.W.}
}
@article {1563,
	title = {Lifetime monetary value of individual pollinators: the bee Habropoda laboriosa at rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade)},
	volume = {446},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {67 - 70},
	keywords = {ANTHOPHORIDAE, Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, ERICACEAE, FRUIT PRODUCTION, FRUIT SET, HABROPODA, LARVAL PROVISIONS, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM, VACCINIUM ASHEI},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1619,
	title = {The effect of pollen protein concentration on body size in the sweat bee Lasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera : Apiformes)},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {49 - 65},
	abstract = {Adult bees and wasps provide all the food their offspring require to grow from egg to adult. For a given diet. offspring body size generally increases with an increase in the amount of food consumed as a larva, but the extent to which body size is influenced by the type of food consumed is poorly known. Pollen ranges from 2-60\% protein among plant species, and bees are extremely efficient at assimilating nitrogen; therefore, it seems likely that either parent bees adjust the size of larval provisions to compensate for differences in pollen protein concentration or bee offspring attain different body size depending on the pollen type(s) consumed as a larva, We presented the generalist sweat bee Lasioglossum zephyrum with pollen diets that differed in protein content and monitored offspring body size during two experiments. In a protein supplementation experiment, diets ranged from 20-66\% protein and consisted of Typha pollen amended with soy protein. On a pollen/soy diet, offspring body size increased 25\% with a shift from 20-37\% protein, but did not increase further at greater protein concentrations, In a multiple pollen experiment, pollen diets ranged from 20-39\% protein and consisted of eight pollens that differed naturally in protein concentration. The largest offspring arose from the most protein-rich pollens, whereas much smaller bees developed on protein-poor pollens, Provision size only predicted offspring size when pollen type, and therefore protein quantity, was considered. Adult foragers did not adjust provision size to compensate for pollen protein, Therefore, offspring body size appears to result from a combination of controlled (provision size) and uncontrolled (pollen quality) factors that arise out of bee foraging decisions},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEE SIZE, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, Halictidae, LARVAL PROVISIONS, NUTRITION, POLLEN, PROTEIN, SIZE},
	author = {Roulston,T.H. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1618,
	title = {The effect of diet breadth and nesting ecology on body size variation in bees (Apiformes)},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {180 - 193},
	abstract = {Body size in animals influences survival, fecundity, and mating opportunity. For bees, parental provisioning behavior largely controls offspring body size. Because larger offspring of many bee species have fitness advantages, selection on body size should act through selection on parental provisioning behavior and restrict body size variation of each species. Many bet species show great variability in body size, however, which may indicate that adult females are often constrained in their ability to consistently produce large offspring. We compared body size variation within bee species for two life history traits that could influence offspring body size: dietary breadth (specialist or generalist) and nesting habit (ground-nesting or cavity-nesting). We determined the head width (a reliable correlate of body size) of 2276 bees belonging to 31 bee species from five families and calculated the body size variation fur each species. Body size variation, measured as the coefficient of variation in head size, did not differ between pollen specialists (oligoleges) and pollen generalists (polyleges) across 13 pairs of closely-related, sympatric bee species of similar body size. Cavity-nesting species showed significantly greater variation in body size than ground-nesting species, which suggests that the choice of nest cavities utilized may be a more important predictor of offspring body size than parental body size. The cleptoparasite Coelioxys sayi had similar body size variation to one of its hosts, Megachile brevis. The European honey bee, Apis mellifera, showed the least body size variation of any species measured},
	keywords = {APIS, Apoidea, BEE SIZE, BEHAVIOR, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, CLEPTOPARASITE, ECOLOGY, FITNESS, LARVAL PROVISIONS, LIFE HISTORY, MEGACHILE, MORPHOLOGY, OLIGOLECTY, POLLEN, POLYLECTY, SELECTION, SIZE, VARIATION},
	author = {Roulston,T.H. and Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1573,
	title = {Annual displacement of soil in nest tumuli of alkali bees (Nomia melanderi) (Hymenoptera: Apiformies: Halictidae) across an agricultural landscape},
	journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {172 - 176},
	abstract = {Thousands of bee species nest in the ground, sometimes gregariously. digging central tunnels whose excavated soil is pushed to the surface its tumuli To quantify tumulus, production across a landscape. nesting female alkali bee, (Nomia imelanderi) were censused for the 155 km(3) Touchet Valley of southeastern Washington. where nest sites of alkali bees are managed to pollinate alfalfa seed fields. Across this landscape in 2001, an estimated 9.1 million nesting females collectively brought 87,500 kg (96 tons) of soil to the surface in their tumuli, much of which is subsequently eroded away by wind or rain. At this rate. the oldest populated nest site would have cumulatively lost four cm to surface Subsidence as a result of the past halt century{\textquoteright}s nesting activity. Bees are probably minor agents of biogeomorphology and bioturbation except where nesting females are concentrated in long-lived Populous aggregations},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, Halictidae, NOMIA, SEED, SOIL},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@conference {1574,
	title = {Exposing their progeny: using X-rays and observation nests to study and manipulate cavity-nesting bees},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th IBRA International Conference on Tropical Bees and VI Encontro sobre Abelhas, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil, 6-10 September, 2004},
	year = {2004},
	note = {LA- English},
	month = {2004///},
	abstract = {<LEAD> Cavity-nesting species (such as Osmia aglaia ) are most likely to be effectively managed for agricultural pollination. For similar reasons, cavity-nesting species are particularly suitable for experimental manipulations of nesting and progeny. This paper focuses on the use of X-rays and observation nests to study and manipulate the cavity-nesting bees. Some of the uses of X-rays include tracking of the life history stages and their phenologies, especially when timing the onset of diapause and, later, incubation needs, and as a guide in the removal of diseased or parasitized cells. The use of observation nests holds a great promise for a simple, inexpensive and reliable way to quantify larval toxicity in bees other than Apis when fed or cont acted with suspended naturally-occurring or agricultural toxins},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, METHODS},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Hartfelder,K.H. and Jong,D.de and Pereira,R.A. and Santos Cristino,A.dos and Morais,M.M. and Tanaka,E.D. and Lourenco,A.P. and Silva,J.E.B. and Almeida,G.F. and Nascimento,A.M.}
}
@article {1581,
	title = {The Logan BeeMail shelter: A practical, portable unit for managing cavity-nesting agricultural pollinators},
	journal = {American Bee Journal},
	volume = {146},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {611 - 613},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, MEGACHILE, METHODS, OSMIA},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1577,
	title = {Bees, pollination, and the challenges of sprawl},
	booktitle = {Nature in Fragments: The Legacy of Sprawl},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {109 - 124},
	publisher = {Columbia Univ. Press},
	organization = {Columbia Univ. Press},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, COMMUNITIES, CONSERVATION, GUILD, INCOMPLETE, OLIGOLECTY},
	author = {Cane, J. H.},
	editor = {Johnson,E. and Klemens,M.}
}
@article {1582,
	title = {Substrates and materials used for nesting by North American Osmia bees},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {100},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {350 - 358},
	abstract = {Nesting substrates and construction materials are compared for 65 of North America{\textquoteright}s 139 described native species of Osmia bees. Most accounts report Osmia bees nesting in preexisting cavities in dead wood or pithy stems such as elderberry (Sambucus spp.), with cell partitions and plugs made from a pulp of finely masticated leaf tissue. Mud is widely used by species constructing free-form clumps of nest cells against stone surfaces. Some Osmia bees adopt abandoned nests of other Hymenoptera, particularly those of mud dauber wasps (Sceliphron spp.) and larger ground-nesting bees (e.g., Anthophora spp.). Reports of subterranean nesting by Osmia species are uncommon but possibly under-represent the habit, because subterranean nests are obscure and likely to be scattered. Ground- or surface-nesting habits are suspected for species that are absent from intensive trap-nesting programs in their native ranges but that otherwise have been commonly taken at flowers. The range of nesting habits and materials of European species are largely comparable, although records indicate that far more European species may nest in empty snail shells},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, Megachilidae, OSMIA, SOIL},
	author = {Cane, J. H. and Griswold, T. and Parker, F. D.}
}
@inbook {1586,
	title = {Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes)},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Entomology},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {419 - 434},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag Press},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag Press},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Apoidea, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-MATING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CLEPTOPARASITE, DIVERSITY, LARVAE, LIFE HISTORY, OLIGOLECTY},
	author = {Cane, J. H.},
	editor = {Capinera,J.L.}
}
@article {1587,
	title = {An effective, manageable bee for pollination of Rubus bramble fruits, Osmia aglaia},
	volume = {777},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {459 - 464},
	abstract = {The non-social cavity-nesting bee Osmia aglaia Sandhouse (Apiformes:
Megachilidae) shows promise as a manageable and effective pollinator for
commercial raspberries and blackberries (Rubus). Floral visits by honey bees (Apis
mellifera L.) or by less numerous caged O. aglaia yielded red raspberries of
equivalent size; berries from unvisited caged flowers were significantly smaller.
Female O. aglaia readily visited flowers of various blackberry cultivars too. Female
foraging behavior on top of a flower{\textquoteright}s pistils maximizes the chances for pollen
transfer to innermost stigmas. The bee readily nests in inexpensive commercial foam
nesting substrates modified from those already used for the alfalfa leaf-cutting bee.
An affordable, durable nesting shelter and practical support frame has also been
field tested. Large nesting populations have been increased in commercial bramble
fruits in Oregon USA. Within its range in western Oregon and California USA, this
effective native pollinator of Rubus could be a sustainably managed bee for
cultivated bramble fruits.},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-NESTING, FRUIT SIZE, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATION EFFICIENCY, ROSACEAE, RUBUS},
	url = {http://www.actahort.org/books/777/777_70.htm},
	author = {Cane, J. H.}
}
@article {1625,
	title = {Biology and management potential for three orchard bee species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, O. lignaria (Say) and O. chalybea Smith, with emphasis on the former},
	volume = {810},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {549 - 556},
	abstract = {What follows is comprehensive information on the biology and techniques for propagating select species of orchard bees for blueberry pollination, especially Osmia ribifloris Cockerell. Before we introduce O. ribifloris or any other bee species to a blueberry farm commercially, we must rear enough adults for field-scale release, design cheaper, lightweight nesting materials and increase grower awareness of the bee{\textquoteright}s value. We hope that by delivering reproductively viable bees onto farms, berry producers will gain a secondary source of revenue from selling surplus Osmia cocoons and nesting supplies. The results we present here represent 14 years of rearing orchard bees in the Deep South (Alabama and Mississippi), and should apply to blueberry growing regions west of the Mississippi River where one of the bee species, Osmia ribifloris, is endemic (e.g., Texas, California and Oregon). We also discuss some ecological, physiological and genetic costs of keeping a small pollinator population in captivity for almost a decade.},
	keywords = {ASTERACEAE, BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, LIFE HISTORY, Megachilidae, OSMIA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, VACCINIUM},
	author = {Sampson,B.J. and Cane, J. H. and Kirker,G.T. and Stringer,S.J. and Spiers,J.M.}
}
@article {1614,
	title = {The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata: The world{\textquoteright}s most intensively managed solitary bee},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2011},
	note = {doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144836},
	month = {2011/12/06/},
	pages = {221 - 237},
	abstract = {The alfalfa leafcutting bee (ALCB), Megachile rotundata F. (Megachildae), was accidentally introduced into the United States by the 1940s. Nest management of this Eurasian nonsocial pollinator transformed the alfalfa seed industry in North America, tripling seed production. The most common ALCB management practice is the loose cell system, in which cocooned bees are removed from nesting cavities for cleaning and storage. Traits of ALCBs that favored their commercialization include gregarious nesting; use of leaves for lining nests; ready acceptance of affordable, mass-produced nesting materials; alfalfa pollination efficacy; and emergence synchrony with alfalfa bloom. The ALCB became a commercial success because much of its natural history was understood, targeted research was pursued, and producer ingenuity was encouraged. The ALCB presents a model system for commercializing other solitary bees and for advancing new testable hypotheses in diverse biological disciplines},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR-FORAGING, BEHAVIOR-NESTING, DISEASE, EXOTIC, FABACEAE, MEDICAGO, MEGACHILE, Megachilidae, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR, REPRODUCTION},
	isbn = {0066-4170},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144836},
	author = {Pitts-Singer,T.L. and Cane, J. H.}
}
